ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS

111305
 PARTS OF AEROPLANE

THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE

WINGS
FUSELAGE
EMPENNAGE
LANDING GEARS
CONTROL SURFACE
ENGINES
PARTS OF AEROPLANE
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION

POSITION OF THE WING

LOW WING
MID WING
HIGH WING
NUMBER OF WINGS
MONO PLANE
BI PLANE
TRI PLANE
SHAPE OF THE WINGS
DELTA WING
DIAMOND WING
SWEPT WING
GULL SHAPED WING
POSITION OF THE WINGS
CONVENTIONAL WING
NO TAIL OR TAILESS
HORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED AOVE THE VERTICAL TAIL
CANARD TYPE
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

2. LOCATION AND TYPE OF LANDING GEAR

RETRACTABLE
NON RETRACTABLE
TAIL WHEEL
NOSE WHEEL
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
3. CLASSIFICATION BY POWER PLANTS
A. POWER PLANT TYPES
PISTON ENGINE
TURBO PROP
TURBO SHAFT
TURBO JET
TURBO FAN
ROCKET
B. NUMBER OF ENGINES
SINGLE ENGINE
TWO ENGINE
MULTI ENGINE
C. LOCATION OF THE ENGINES
NOSE
FUSELAGE
JET ENGINE SUBMERGED IN WING
PYLON MOUNTING
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

4. TYPES OF FUSELAGE
ROUND
SQUARE
OVAL
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE
A. CIVIL
B. CARGO
C. MILITARY
I. BOMBERS
II. FIGHTERS
III. INTERCEPTORS
 FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE
PRIMARY GROUP
AILERON
ELEVATOR
RUDDER
SECONDARY GROUP
TRIM TAB
SPRING TAB
AUXILIARY GROUP
WING FLAPS
SPOILERS
SPEED BRAKES
LEADING EDGE FLAP
SLOTS
 AILERON
Longitudinal axis extends lengthwise from the nose through the tail.
Movement about the longitudinal axis is called roll. Roll is controlled by
the ailerons.
 ELEVATOR
Lateral axis extends crosswise from wingtip through wingtip.
Movement about the lateral axis is called pitch. Pitch is controlled
by the elevator.
 RUDDER
Vertical axis passes vertically through the center of gravity (when the
aircraft is in level flight). Movement about the vertical axis is called yaw.
Yaw is controlled by the rudder.
 AIRCRAFT ENGINES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES ARE

PROPELLER WITH PISTON ENGINE

JET ENGINE
TURBOPROP
TURBOFAN
TURBOJET
RAMJET
ROCKET ENGINE
TURBOPROP
PUSHER
TURBOFAN
TURBOJET
TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER
 ROCKET ENGINE

LIQUID FUEL

SOLID FUEL
 AIRFOIL
AN AIRFOIL IS A SURFACE DESIGNED TO OBTAIN A
DESIRABLE REACTION FROM THE AIR THROUGH
WHICH IT MOVES
AIRFOIL GEOMETRY

CHORD LINE
MEAN CAMBER LINE
ANGLE OF ATTACK
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT
 DRAG

DRAG IS THE RESOLVED COMPONENT OF

THE COMPLETE AERODYNAMIC FORCE
WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE FLIGHT
DIRECTION (OR RELATIVE ONCOMING
AIRFLOW).
IT MUST ALWAYS ACT TO OPPOSE THE
DIRECTION OF MOTION.
IT IS THE UNDESIRABLE COMPONENT OF
THE AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHILE LIFT IS
THE DESIRABLE COMPONENT
TYPES OF DRAG
DRAG POLAR
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED

Why should we study properties of

atmosphere?
Variation of Temperature with Altitude
Variation of Pressure with Altitude
Variation of Density with Altitude
Tables of Standard Atmosphere
 Why should we study
Atmospheric Properties
Engineers design flight vehicles, turbine
engines and rockets that will operate at various
altitudes.
They can not design these unless the
atmospheric characteristics are not known.
For example,
L
CL
1
V S
2

2
 What is a standard
atmosphere?
Weather conditions vary around the globe, from
day to day.
Taking all these variations into design is
impractical.
A standard atmosphere is therefore defined,
that relates fight tests, wind tunnel tests and
general airplane design to a common reference.
This common reference is called a standard
atmosphere.
 Powered Controls
May take one of two basic forms:
Servo-assisted
Hydraulic pressure transmitted to servo actuator
which assists mechanical linkage to move
surface.
Linkage still available if power is lost but system
then very heavy to operate.
Fully power-operated
Control signals transmitted hydraulically,
electrically (fly-by-wire) or optically (fly-by-light).
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
 INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THE VERY FIRST AIRCRAFT HAD LITTLE TO NO
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
ALL WEATHER FLYING WAS RISKY
NAVIGATION DEPENDED ON PILOTS ABILITY TO
USE LANDMARKS
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION
INSTRUMENTS
THE COMMON FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

ALTIMETER
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
HEADING INDICATOR
ATTITUDE INDICATOR (ARTIFICIAL
HORIZON)
TURN COORDINATOR
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION
TRUSS
MONOCOQUE
SEMI MONOCOQUE
THANK YOU