udkisl wdndO j,g ye`oskaula

INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
 IMPORTANT

Abnormal refers to BEHAVIOUR

Not to the individual.

 idudkH;ajh iy widudkH;ajh ms<sn| .eg wjfndaO
lr .ekSu'
wjm%udK ^widudkH& phdjka ;lafiare lsf
wmyiq;djhka meyeos,s lsu
wdh;k.; lsu iy f,an,a lsu ms<sn| .eg .ek is;d
ne,Su
O j.fha wdndO w: oelau'
 A man wearing a bright red skirt
A person moving back and forth and singing
loudly
A man kissing another man
A parent slapping a child
A woman refusing to eat for several days
A man barking like a dog and crawling on
the floor
 mqreIfhla ;o r;= idhla ye|f.k isu
mqoa.,fhl= bhg miqmig hka Yo k`.d .S .ehSu
mqreIfhl= ;j;a mqreIfhl= ism .ekSu
foumshka orefjl=g w;=,a myrla .eiSu
ldka;djla k .Kkdjla mqrd wdydr .ekSu m%;slafIam
lsu
mqreIfhl= n,af,la wdldrhg u yd u oK.Eu
 is often one of:

Cultural relativism
Persistence and Degree
Based on Statistics
Social Conformity
Subjective Discomfort
 ixialD;sl idfmalaI;dj
m%ia;sh yd m%udKh
ixLHdk mok
iudc wkql+,;dj
IhS.; m%;sl+,;dj
 Behaviours are only abnormal relative to cultural
norms

There is a belief that there is no single, universal

definition of abnormality but different definitions
within different cultures.
 idudkH iy widudkH w;r fNaokh ixialD;Ska w;r
fukau ixialD;shla ;=< mjd fjkia h yelsh

ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg fjkiajk widudkH;dj ms<sn|

ksYa; ksjpkhla ,ndu wmyiqh
 Normal Behaviour:
Several responses considered acceptable
because they are demonstrated occasionally
and in a mild degree.

Abnormal Behaviour:
If frequently and intensely displayed (i.e. grief,
use of alcohol)
 fndfyda wjia:dj,oS idudkH;dj yd widudkH;dj w;r fjki
r|d mj;skafka m%ia:s;sh yd m%udKh u;hs'
fjd boysg iq ugulska m%ldY flfrk phdjka ksid
ms<s.efkkafka idudkH phdjka f,ihs'
kuq;a ks;r iy m%n, f,i m%ldY l<fyd;a tajd widudkH
hehs ykd.; yelsf
Wod - wdorh lrk flfkl=f.a urKh ksid we;sjk idudkH
lK.dgqj'
fuh ir,j ykd.; yelafla mqoa.,hdg m%udKh blaujd
we;sjk fYdalh jeks ksfYaOkd;aul ;a;f. we;sula
f,ih'
 Normal Behaviour:
A phenomenon occurring most frequently is considered
the norm. Normal is not a specific quantity but a
range.

Abnormal Behaviour:
Behaviours that are rare or unusual
 widudkH;dj ykd.kakd ;j;a tla l%uhla k ixLHd o;a;
fhdod .ekSuh's fuys iu;h f,i ie,flkafka b;d nyq,j
isjk ixisoahls'

idudkHh hkq ksh; m%udKhla fkdj mrdihls'fuu

mrdifha iSudjkaf.ka ndysrj isk mqoa.,hka
widudkH hehs i,lkq ,ef'
 Normal Behaviours:
Are behaviours that conform to social expectations

Abnormal Behaviours:
They do not conform to social expectations

Social conformity cannot be relied upon because social

standards and expectations vary between cultures.
Even within a culture, values change with time.
So using social conformity alone is insufficient.
 iudc n,dfmdfrd;a;=j,g wkql+, wh idudkH wh f,i i,lkq
w;r wkql+, fkdjk wh widudkH wh f,i i,lkq ,ef'
kuq;a fuyso wkql+, fkdu widudkH hehs
ykd.ekSug m%udKh yd m%ia;sh n,mdhs'
ixialD;Ska w;r iudc m%;sudkhka yd wfmalaIdjka
fjkiajk ksid wkql+,;dj widudkH nf Kq oKAvla f,i
fhdod .eksu .eg iy.; h yelsh'
 Behaviours should only be considered abnormal if the
individual suffers as a result of the behaviours, and
wishes to get rid of them.

There are problems to this criterion: For example,

people are not always aware of severe problems their
behaviours create for themselves or others.
 mqoa.,fhlaf.a phdj widudkH tlla njg m;ajkafka th
tu mqoa.,hdg |ula f k muKs'tfukau Tyq tu
phdj ke;slr.ekSug leue;a;la olajkafka k muKs'

tfy;a fuu ksKdhlh m%Yakld f tk mqoa.,fhlag

;udf.a yeisu ;udg fukau wfkla whgo W.%
m%Yakhla jk njg idjOdkhla fkdue;su
 Behaviors that cause people to suffer distress
and that prevent them from functioning in
daily life are abnormal
 idudkH widudkH phdj y\qkd.ekSug we;s jvd;au ksj/
l%uh k th tu mqoa.,hd fyda Tyq $weh j;ajk iudch flfrys
wys;lr n,mEula we;s lrkafkahs ;lafiare lsuhs'

fuu oDIafldaKhg wkqj idudkH phdj wkqj;kh l< yels

phdjls 'widudkH phdj wkqj;kh l< fkdyels phdjls'
Wod - u;ameka Nd;h yd ish kid.ekSug ;e;a lsu

widudkH;dj ykd.; yels ;j;a udkhla k flfkla w;ak mSvdf

m%udKh f'
 Affective Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Schizophrenia
 wdfoksl jHd ( Affective Disorders)

idxld jHd (Anxiety Disorders)

yskafkdakaudoh (Schizophrenia)
 Affective disorders are disturbances of mood.

Affective disorders are mood problems: either

excessive sadness or excitement and joy.
 fuhska woyiajkafka ;a; iajNdjfha le,h'

mqoa.,hdf.a idudkH ;;a;ajhg n,mE lrk ke;fyd;a wjysr lrk h

;;a;ajhla f,io fuh ykd.; yelsh'

wdfoksl jHdhlska fmf<k mqoa.,fhl= tlaflda m%n, f,i

Id; fyda Wkaudos; h yelsh' tfia;a ke;sk Idoh yd
Woaoduh w;r foda,kh h yelsh'

wl lK.dgqj fyda Woaf.h iy mS%;sh jeks ;a; iajNdjfha

.eg wdfoksl jHd f,i ie,fla'
 Depression
Depression is considered abnormal only
when it is out of proportion to the event
and continues past the point at which most
people begin to recover. When depression
is more than feeling unhappy at times when
a feeling of excessive sadness is expressed,
it is abnormal.
Depression is generally described by the
inability to make decisions, initiate activity,
or take an interest in anything. The
depressed person feels inadequate and
worthless, has crying spells and may
contemplate suicide.
 A major depression is characterised by:
Hopelessness,
Dejection
The depressive is not able to make decisions, to
initiate activity, to take an interest in anything or
anyone (family members, friends, food, sex,
hobbies, work and recreation).
Some are passive and lethargic, others are restless
and agitated. They are critical about themselves,
feel guilty, are irritable, and are unable to take
control of their lives. They pause a lot when they
speak, have memory losses and difficulties in
learning anything new.
 The depressed person withdraws from
others, neglects his/her duties and
responsibilities. Some people with major
depressions show psychiatric symptoms
such as hallucinations. They may also
harbour delusions. Delusions are irrational
beliefs that cannot be shaken by evidence
or reasonable arguments. For example, a
person may believe that her body is rotting.
Some depressions disappear with time, but
others may persist. Stress intensifies and
prolongs depression.
 Idoh f,i idudkHfhka ia;r lrkafka ;SrK .ekSug fyda h
l%shdjla wdrN lsug fkdyels" lsisu fohla ms<sn| Wkkajla
ke;s ;;a;ajhla f,ihs'
Id; mqoa.,hdg ;ud wimQK yd yelshdjla ke;s wfhl= f,i
fkk w;r ye`u yd ish ydks lr.ekSug is;Su ykd.; yelsf'
iuyr Id ;;a;ajhka ld,h;a iu. u.ye hk kuq;a wks;a tajd .ska
.gu mej;sh yelsh' udkisl wd;;sh u.ska Idoh m%n, lsu yd
.a .eiaiSu lrkq ,nhs
isoahg iudkqmd;sl m%udKhg jvd jejk g yd idukHfhka
fndfyda wh iqjug .kakd wjia:dj miqlrka .gu mj;sk g
muKla Idoh widudkH hehs ie,fla'
 Idl ;;a;ajhla iys; mqoa.,fhl= wfkla whf.ka yqfol,d
ug W;aidy lrk w;r Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a j.lS meyer
yeug W;aidy lrhs'
oreKq jYfhka Id ;;a;ajhl miqfjk mqoa.,fhl= udkisl
N%dka;suh ,laIK fmkah yelsh' tfukau Tjqka h h
uq<djka ^fudayhka& isf;ys mx lr.kakd njo laf'
YajdiodhS fyda ;dlsl t<Uq fkdue;sj ;SrK .ekSu"
;h ms<sn| mrd; fudayhka ;nd.ekSu Idoh ;sfnk
mqoa.,hkaf.a ,laIK f
 Manic episodes are the opposite of
depression. They are characterised by:
Exuberant and euphoric behaviour
Excessive energy
 Wkaud; is hkq Idofha m%;sreoaO;ajhhs

tajd ksrEmKh jkafka .

wl Woafhda.su;a yd m%uq; yeis
wl Yla;sh
 Manic individuals
Want be with people
Possess extraordinary self-confidence and are
optimistic.
Do not concentrate for long.
May go from ecstatic to irritable, angry to
assaultive. Often feel paranoid, can have ideas
of fame, power and wealth.
Are often impulsive, cannot stick to a job,
urinate, defecate, or expose their genitals in
public or dress in eccentric ways.
Speak loud, speech is rapid, and they joke a
lot.
 Because manic individuals do not concentrate for long,
they cannot accomplish many tasks.
During mild manic episodes, the individual is energetic,
enthusiastic, and full of self-confidence, talks
continuously, and sleeps a little. As a result, the manic
individual rushes from one activity to another.
During severe manic episodes, the individual is
extremely excited and must be constantly active. The
manic individual sings and shouts, for hours. He/she
can get angered when attempts are made to interfere
with his/her activities and may become abusive.
Impulses (including sexual ones) are immediately
expressed in actions and words. Delusions of great
wealth, accomplishment or power can be observed
during severe manic episodes.
 Wkaud; mqoa.,hkag ksiqka iu. isu wjYH f'
widudkH wd;au Yajdihla yd iqnjd njla Tjqka i;=f'
Wkaud; mqoa.,hka b;d m%S;su;a ;;a;ajhl isg
kqreiakd iq ;;a;ajhlg fyda fldamfhka myr fok
;;a;ajhlg m;ah yelsh'
mSvfkdakaudoh ^mqoa.,hdg we;sjk fkdfhla
N%dka;Ska yd fudayhka & kSu'
wdf.YS,SNdjh jeh"/lshdjl tl.g / ish fkdyel"
m%isoaO ia:dkj, uQ;%d lrhs" u<my lrhs ",sx.sl wjhj
m%oYkh lrhs
 Bipolar disorders appear when individuals
suffer from both depression and manic
episodes and often begin with a manic
episode.

Depressive episodes are generally more

common than manic ones. Mood may
change many times a day. There can be
normal periods lasting months even years.
 fuhska woyia lrkafka mqoa.,hka Idofhka yd
Wkaud; isoaka hk foflkau fmf<kg we;sjk ;;a;aj
ms<sn|jhs'
fuys isjk ufkda oHd;aul ;;a;ajhka tl iudk f'
Idoh fyda Wkaudo ;;a;aj j, iajrEm foflys fjkial
mej;sho iajNdjhkays fjkial ykd.; fkdyel'
fndfyda g fuu oa wjia:djka we;sug Wkaud;
isoahla uq,a h yelsh'
 Feeling anxious and tense in the face of
threatening or stressful situations is normal

Anxiety is considered abnormal when it

occurs in situations that most people can
handle with little difficulty.
 fuys mqoa.,hdg m%udKh blaujd .sh fYdalh jeks
ksfYaOkd;aul ;a;f. we;sf'
;ckd;aul fyda mSvkd;aul wjia:djka yuqf hla (anxious)
yd wd;;shla oekSu idudkH fohls' kuq;a iq wmyiq;djlska
hq;=j md,kh lr.; yels fohlg jqjo hla we;slr.ekSu widudkH
;;a;ajhla f,i ykd.efka
ldxiduh jHdh hkq flaj, fohla fkdf' iuyrg thg jHd
iuqyhla we;=<;a jk w;r h tys m%Odk ,laIKh h yelsh'
ke;fyd;a mqoa.,fhla wkqj;kh fkdjk phdjka md,kh lrk
g h w;ahs'
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety is present without panic attacks.

There is tension which is not focussed on
anything in particular. Individuals overreact
to minor stresses and appear to be anxious
all the time and prevent them from making
decisions, working effectively and sleeping.
 Iuyr mqoa.,hka iq wd;;shlg mjd kEjg jvd l,n, jk w;r
iEu wjia:djlu fhka miqf'
ojfia je ld,hla wd;;sfhka .;lrk w;r fuys ks j; u
ykd.; yelsh' fjd idudkHfhka mqoa.,hkag we;sh
yels ;;a;ajhkah' mqoa.,fhl=g jqjo m%Yakhla ysf;a
;sfnkg kskao fkdhhs'
;e;s.ekaula we;sfkdjk isj,g mjd ;e;s.ekaula
we;su fuys m%Odk ,laIKhls'
;on, ;a; mSvdj ksid wmf.a Wkkaj ke;s hdu" ;uka
ms<sn|j ksfYaOkd;aulj is;Su fuys ,laIKhs'
 Panic disorders
Individuals experience anxiety (panic)
attacks which are unpredictable. This
condition is accompanied by a nervous
feeling, tremors, heart palpitations,
shortness of breath, perspiration, nausea
etc.. This state appears frequently and
creates a general state of tension.
 l,ska lsj fkdyels ;e;s.ekS ;;a;ajhka mqoa.,hska iska
w;akq ,ef'
f ;;a;ajhka iu. h uqiq lmkhka" f.j;a yDo
iamkaokhka"yqiau .ekSf wmyiq;dj" oyh u" Tlaldrh
wd ,laIK we;sf'
wl f,i u;ameka mdkh lsu
udkisl wd;;sh
T!IO wdila;Ndjh
fuh ldxiduh ;;a;ajhka ;=<ska m<dhdug ork
W;aidyhlao h yelsh'
yDohdndOhla f,i jgyd.ekSug ;r fuu udkisl ;;a;ajh m%n, h
yelsh'
 A person lives each day in a state of high
tension. Inability to relax, disturbed sleep,
fatigue, headache, rapid heart rate are some
of the physical complaints. In addition, the
individual worries continuously, has
difficulties concentrating and making
decisions.
 mqoa.,fhla iEu osklu w wd;;sl ;;a;ajhlska j;a f'
ieye,afjka isug fkdyelshdj" kskao ndOd iys; u" vdj"
ysiroh"f.j;a yDo iamkaokh wdh fuu jHd ;;a;ajh we;sjk
mqoa.,hdg we;sjk iuyr ldhsl wdndO f
l=vd ld,fha isg mj;sk wm%ikak w;alS ^ wmyrKhg ,la &
lmkhg ,la wdh miqld,Skj fuu jHd ;;a;ajh olajd jOkh
h yels nj ufkda oHd{hkaf.a woyihs
/lshd ia:dkfha mj;sk wl;r ldhhka";fha fkdfhla wjiaj,
we;sjk lrorld ;;a;ajhka f i|yd fya;= h yelsh
 A phobia is an excessive fear of a specific
object or situation handled by avoidance.
Phobics are aware that their fear is
disproportionate to the danger involved
but cannot control their feelings. Phobias
become disorders when they are
disruptive and disabling. Phobics may
experience panic attacks. They generally
do not know why they are frightened.
 The fears are quite specific unlike the fears
observed in general anxiety disorders and
panic disorders. A fear is usually not
diagnosed as a phobia unless it interferes
considerably in a persons daily life.
Agoraphobia, the most common phobia, is
the fear of being alone in an unfamiliar
setting or being in a public place where
escape might be difficult.
 NS;sldj hkq h fYaIs jia;=jlg fyda wjia:djlg olajk wl hg
uqyqK u fjkqjg th u`.yeuhs' ^ fuh Nd.hlg uqyqKmEu
jeks idudkH fohla fkdf&
fYaI NS;sld - fuh h h foaj,aj,g we;sjk h f' ^ mQika
"ydjka "lerfmd;a;ka&
iudc NS;sld - wd.ka;=l mqoa.,hkag wd.ka;=l ia:dkj,g yd
h h fYaIs; wh flfrys we;sjk NS;sld'
wx.k NS;sld - ;u ksjyk ke;fyd;a yqremqre ;ek yer fjk;a
ia:dkj,g hdug we;sjk hhs
fuu Ns;sldfjka fmf<k mqoa.,hka Tjqkaf.a h wod<
wk;=rg iudkqmd;sl fkdjk nj k isk kuq;a Tjqkaf.a ye`.S
md,kh lsug fkdyelsh
 Obsessions are persistent intrusions of
unwelcome thoughts or images.

Compulsions are irresistible urges to carry

out certain acts or ritual.

They can be linked.

 When an individual has an obsessive-
compulsive disorder, thoughts and urges
occupy so much time that they seriously
interfere with daily life.
They know that these thoughts, rituals and
urges are irrational and morbid but are
unable to control them and they feel anxious
if they are prevented from completing these
thoughts and rituals.
 Compulsive acts range from mild kinds or
superstitious behaviour to elaborate rituals.

People presenting such disorders feel

intensely anxious when they try to resist their
compulsions and feel relieved when the act is
performed.
 .%ial hkq wd;;suh ;;a;ajhla we;s lrk h is;=,a,la ks;r ks;r
u;lhg meKsuhs'
n, lsu hkq h lsis fohla fkdlr ish fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;au f'
mqoa.,fhla iEu klu wd;;sfhka j;a f' ieye,afjka isug nelu"
kskao ndOd iys;u"vdj" ysiroh "f.j;a yDo iamkaokh wdh
Tyqg fkk ldhsl wdndO f
Wod - iuyr wh ks;r ks;r w; fiau
.%ia iy n,lsu O m%do hgf;a ykd.; yelsf
.%iauh ielh
.%iauh is;Su
.%iauh fm<Uu
.%iauh hu
 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
It appears after a traumatic event such as
a fire, flood, rape, ethnic conflict. There is
an initial shock then helplessness. Victims
of PTSD have difficulties in concentrating
and sleeping, phobias to the traumatic
circumstances. In some cases, depression
and anxiety can be observed as well as
impulsiveness. They relive the stressful
event through dreams and nightmares.
The symptom can either appear
immediately after the incident or much
later and it may last less than a year or
much longer.
 ;on, wd;;suh ;;a;ajhka ksid fuh we;sf'
F ksid wd;;suh ;;a;ajh we;sug n,mE ish,a,u u`.
yeug W;aidy lrkq lsh yelsh'
.skakla c, .e,aula ckjd.sl .egqula jeks lmkhla we;s
lrjk wm%ikak isulska miqj fuh u;=f'
uq,ska lmkhla yd miqj wirKlula we;su'
PTSD j,g f.dre jQ whg is; tl`. lr.ekSug yd
ksod.ekSug wmyiq;d we;sjk w;r tu wm%ikak
isoaka inkaOfhka NS;sldjla we;'
 Is one of the most serious mental disorders
The word schizophrenia comes from the
Greek words schizo meaning split, and
phrene meaning mind
Schizophrenia occurs
across cultures
about equally in men and women
and has an incidence rate of approximately
1% in a given population
The onset of this disorder usually occurs in
young adulthood.
 There are many symptoms of schizophrenia. Few patients
who are diagnosed as having schizophrenia demonstrate all
these symptoms

Disturbance of thought and attention: The individuals

thoughts jump from one thing to another. Often a word in
one sentence prompts a different, irrelevant association in the
next, and so on. Phrases make sense, but there is no
continuity of meaning

It appears that in schizophrenia, people have difficulty in

filtering out irrelevant stimuli from internal and external
sources. It seems as if they do not have selective attention,
and therefore experience too much stimulation.
 Withdrawal from reality: people withdraw
from social contact. They become absorbed
in their own thoughts and fantasies. The
person loses touch with time (date) and place
(where they are).
 Delusions and hallucinations: Many people
with schizophrenia develop delusions.
Delusions are false beliefs.
Delusions of influence are those in which
the individual believes that external forces
are trying to control his/her thoughts and
actions.
Delusions of persecution are those in which
the person believes that external forces are
plotting against him. Delusions of grandeur
where people believe themselves to be
powerful and important.
 Hallucinations are perceptual experiences
which occur in the absence of sensory
stimuli.
The most common hallucination in
schizophrenia is hearing voices (auditory
hallucinations). Visual hallucination is less
common, and hallucinations of smell, taste
and touch are rare.
 Disturbance of affect: The disturbance of affect
refers to disturbance in emotional response

Oversensitivity. They demonstrate exaggerated

responses to trivial incidents.
Sensitivity declines, and many patients display
complete lack of emotional expression.
They may stare blankly in situations which should
make them happy or sad. In other cases, people
with schizophrenia display inappropriate emotional
responses. They may, for example, laugh upon
hearing tragic news.
 Disturbance of behaviour: In the context of
disorganised thought and feelings, people
with schizophrenia often display disturbances
of behaviour. Some develop grimaces, others
make repetitive gestures or initiate
movements they are currently observing.
Others remain motionless for long periods of
time, as in catatonic schizophrenia.
 There are many symptoms of schizophrenia

Few patients who are diagnosed as having

schizophrenia demonstrate all these
symptoms
 One major form of treatment
Somatic therapies
Drug therapies - the most promising
Psychiatric drugs in current use include:
the phenothiazines for schizophrenia
antidepressants such as imipramine, and
lithium carbonate for treatment of mania.
 Other somatic therapies:
Prefrontal lobotomy - a procedure now widely
suspect

Electroconvulsive shock treatment or ECT -

which is sometimes used in cases of severe
depression.
 Relies on psychological means alone
It derives from classical psychoanalysis as
developed by Freud
Psychoanalysts try to help their patients to
recover repressed memories and wishes so
that they can overcome crippling internal
conflicts
 Tools are:
Free association

The interpretation of the patients dreams

 Behaviour Therapies
Goals: Reduce unwanted, overt behaviours
rather than with hypothetical underlying
causes

Many of the behaviour therapists techniques

are derived from the principles of classical
and instrumental conditioning.
 Systematic desensitization which tries to
countercondition irrational fears by a policy
of gradualism
Flooding which attempts to extinguish the
patients fear by evoking the fear response in
full force. Yet another aversive therapy in
which undesired behaviour patterns are
coupled with unpleasant stimuli.
 Considered an offshoot of behaviour therapy

It tries to change the way the patient thinks

about his situation

Behaviour and cognitive therapists regard

psychoanalysis as too subjective and not
scientific enough.
 The humanistic therapists, take the very
opposite position.

They charge that both behaviour therapy and

psychoanalysis are too mechanistic and
manipulative and that they fail to deal with
their patients as whole persons.
 An example of such a humanistic approach is
Rogers client-centered therapy which is
conducted along democratic lines, is largely
non directive, and is based on the idea that
therapy is a personal growth process rather
than a form of reeducation supervised by the
therapist.