03 OFDMA v04

OFDMA
LTE Air Interface Course
1 Nokia Siemens Networks

OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes

Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDM Key Parameters for FDD and TDD Modes
Data Rate Calculation
OFDMA
OFDM Transmitter Simulation

Air Interface Main Issues
Air Interface
UE eNodeB
eNodeB eNodeB
UE 3
UE 1
1. Duplex 2. Multiple
UE 2
Transmission Access
LTE FDD and TDD Modes
Bandwidth Bandwidth t
t Bandwidth
up to 20MHz up to 20MHz up to 20MHz
Uplink
Uplink Downlink
Guard
Period
Downlink
f f
Duplex Frequency

TDD vs. FDD (1/2)
In FDD, DL & UL use different bands with the same bandwidth

=> DL throughput = UL throughput
What happens if throughput requirements are different for DL and UL?
Potential solution: Use different bandwidth for DL & UL?
Hard to manage frequency bands in this case
Simpler solution
DL & UL are duplexed in time rather than in frequency => TDD (Time Division
Duplexing)
DL & UL share the same bandwidth
DL and UL are active in different subframes

TDD vs. FDD (2/2)
Frequency
FDD TDD
Downlink Downlink Uplink
Uplink
Downlink Time
Wasted throughput is also
Throughput affected
Only this is We get what we need
needed
DL UL DL UL

RF FDD architecture
TX Duplex Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
RX Duplex Filter
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
Duplex filters for each Tx and Rx path

Circulator has the role of separating DL & UL waves
It must exhibit great isolation properties, so that Tx signal does not leak
into Rx path
RF TDD architecture
Channel Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
TX
Duplexer
Channel Filter RX
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
Duplexer must switch between Tx and Rx paths

Switching driving signal must be accurate
Good timing control of the signal

FDD and TDD Modes Comparison
FDD and TDD modes Harmonisation FDD and TDD modes differences
(commonalities) regarding the air interface
FDD and TDD mode included 1. Spectrum Allocation:

together in the same TDD is using the same frequency bands for
specification both UL and DL
FDD requires a paired spectrum with
Same radio interface schemes duplex separation in frequency
for both uplink and downlink TDD requires an unpaired spectrum with
(OFDM and SC-FDMA) some guard bands in time to separate
UL and DL
Same subframe formats
Same network architecture 2. UE complexity:

In FDD the UE is requiring an duplex filter
Same air interface protocols (for UL DL separation)
In TDD the filter is not needed
Same physical channels Lower complexity for TDD terminals
procedures
In LTE there is a high degree

of harmonisation between
FDD and TDD modes
Multiple Access 1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 4 UE 4 5 UE 5
Power FDMA
Frequency Division
1 2 3 4 5 Multiple Access
TDMA 1G e.g. AMPS,
Time Division 5 NMT, TACS
4
Multiple Access, 3
2G e.g. GSM, 2
PDC 12
OFDMA
3 CDMA
Orthogonal 5
3 1 Code Division
Frequency Division
4 5 Multiple Access
Multiple Access 2
1 3G e.g. UMTS,
e.g. LTE 3 1 CDMA2000
5
4
4 2 3
2
1
Frequency
Multiple Access
In LTE OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access it is

used in the Downlink
In the UL SC-FDMA = Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

Access it is used
OFDMA and SC-FDMA will be used for both FDD and TDD Modes!
Approach for the explanation:

First OFDM as technology will be explained (for single user case)
Second it is shown how OFDM could be used to separate users
UL SC-FDMA will be explained in the next chapter

OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes

Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA

Challenges for the Air Interface Design
For the LTE Air Interface design it should be considered a trade-off

between the following factors (based on the LTE requirements):
1. What should be the required radio spectrum ?
2. Speed of data transmission (bit rate as high as possible)
3. Complexity of implementation (as small as possible)
How could it be realised ?
Solution: use the rectangular pulse shape

(see next slide)

The Rectangular Pulse
Fourier
Transform Frequency Domain
spectral power density

Time Domain
amplitude
1
Ts fs
Ts fs
Inverse
time
Fourier
Transform frequency f/fs
Advantages:
+ Simple to implement: there is no complex filter
system required to detect such pulses and to Disadvantage:
generate them.
- it allocates a quite huge spectrum. However the
+ The pulse has a clearly defined duration. This is spectral power density has null points exactly at
a major advantage in case of multi-path multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts. This will be
propagation environments as it simplifies handling important in OFDM.
of inter-symbol interference.

Pulse Form and Spectrum in WCDMA
Time Domain
1
Tc W
Tc
Fourier Transform
Frequency Domain
1.3 * W
Inverse
Fourier Transform
As a counter example look at the root

raised cosine roll off pulse that is used in
WCDMA. As one can see this pulse is not
clearly located in the time domain.
So if we put two such pulses one after
another, there will be always some
interference from the first to the second.
Fc
On the other hand the spectrum of these
pulses is concentrated in a clearly defined
frequency
16
band.
Nokia Siemens Networks
OFDM Basics
Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio signals
using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth
15 kHz in LTE: fixed

Orthogonality:
The peak ( centre

frequency) of one
subcarrier
intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers

OFDM Basics
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a
part of the whole transmission
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while
the power is distributed to all used subcarriers
FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The number
of subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power bandwidth
frequency
The OFDM Signal

The usage of the pulse leads to other challenges to be solved:
1. ISI = Intersymbol Interference

Due to multipath propagation
2. ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

Due to the fact that FDM = frequency division multiplexing will be
used
3. ICI = Intercarrier Interference

Losing orthogonality between subcarriers because of effects like e.g.
Doppler
What should be the solutions to these challenges?
20
(see next slides)
1. Multi-Path Propagation and Inter-Symbol
Interference
+
Tt
BTS
Time 0 Ts
Time 0 Tt Ts+Tt
1. Inter Symbol Interference

Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period
2
Time Domain
TSYMBOL Tg
1 Guard Period (GP)
TSYMBOL time
2 Guard Period (GP)
TSYMBOL time
3 Guard Period (GP)
time
Propagation Delay Exceeding the Guard Period
2
1
3
4
Time Domain T
SYMBOL Tg
1
Obviously when
the delay spread time
of the multi-path
2
environment is
greater than the
guard period time
duration (Tg), then
we encounter 3
inter-symbol
interference (ISI) time
time
Cyclic Prefix
2
1
3
Tcp Tsymb
1
CP symbol CP symbol CP symbol
time
2
3

Cyclic Prefix
In LTE the slot of 500 s is subdivided in the (useful part of the) symbol
(grey) and CPs as follows:
T [TS] 160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048
T [s] 5,2 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7
max. delay [km] 1,6 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4
For the extended CP slot structure the overall 500 s is kept but the number
of symbols is reduced in order to extent the cyclic prefix durations:
T [TS] 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048
T [s] 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7
max. delay [km] 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0


Due to multipath propagation solution: use cyclic prefix

used

Losing orthogonality between subcarriers because of effects like
e.g. Doppler

(see next slides)
Multi-Carrier Modulation
The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between

different carriers, known as Adjacent Carrier Interference ACI, is
minimized; but not too much spaced as the total bandwidth will be
wasted.
Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to protect itself from its
adjacent carriers. Nevertheless, there will always be some interference
between the adjacent carriers.
fsubcarrier
fsub-used
f0 f1 f2 fN-2 fN-1 frequency

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi-Carrier
OFDM allows a tight packing of small carrier - called the subcarriers - into
a given frequency band.
Power Density
Power Density
Saved
Bandwidth
Frequency (f/fs) Frequency (f/fs)
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM

due to the orthogonal subcarriers !


used
solution: orthogonal subcarriers
e.g. Doppler

29
(see next slides)
Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) in OFDM
The price for the optimum subcarrier spacing is the sensitivity of OFDM to
frequency errors.
If the receivers frequency slips some fractions from the subcarriers center
frequencies, then we encounter not only interference between adjacent carriers,
but in principle between all carriers.
This is known as Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and sometimes also referred to
as Leakage Effect in the theory of discrete Fourier transform.
One possible cause that introduces frequency errors is a fast moving Transmitter
or Receiver (Doppler effect).

Leakage Effect due to Frequency Drift: ICI
Two effects begin to work:

1.-Subcarrier 2 has no longer its P
3. ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference

power density maximum here - so
we loose some signal energy.
2.-The rest of subcarriers (0, 1, 3

and 4) have no longer a null point
here. So we get some noise from
the other subcarrier.
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4



used
solution: orthogonal subcarriers

e.g. Doppler
solution: use reference signals will be explained in chapter 7

OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes

Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA

OFDM Transmitter
xN-1
Frequency Domain Signal:
(Collection
s0 of Sinusoids) x0 x1
x2
s1 s2 sN-1
t0 t1 t2 tN-1 time
f0 f1 f2 fN-1 freq.
Time Domain Signal
b10 ,b11, Modulation s0

Mapper

cos(2fct)
Frequency Domain
Mapper
D
I Low I
Serial to
Generation
CP/Guard
Binary Pass
Parallel x0, x1, , xN-1 A
Coded IQ RF
Converter . IFFT
Data Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Distrib.) . Domain Low Q
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)
Each entry to the IFFT module
bN-1 0 Modulation sN-1 corresponds to a different sub-
Mapper
carrier
Each sub-carrier is modulated
independently
Modulation Schemes:
BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes

Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA

OFDM Receiver s0
yN-1 s2
s1 sN-1

y0 y1 f0 f1 f2 fN-1 freq.
x2
t0 t1 t2 tN-1 time
Frequency Domain
s0 s0 B10 ,B11,
Time Domain Bit Mapping
s1 s1 B20 ,B21,
De-
Channel Correction
Frequency Domain
A Bit Mapping
Low Noise Amp.
Bit Distribution
rotator
Windowing +
I
Demodulator
+ Bandpass
RF
D Soft Bit
FFT
. . . .
. . . . Coded
signal autocorreation
signal strength
A . . . . Data
Q
phase correction
D
j
sN-1 sN-1 BN-1 0
AGC Bit Mapping
LNA gain
response
Automatic
channel
adjust
timee
Gain Control reference QPSK

(pilot)
Im
Channel 01 11
Frequency And Timing Sync Estimation d11
sk
Re
d10
00 10
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes

Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA

OFDM Key Parameters
1. Variable Bandwidth (BW) Bandwidth options: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
A higher Bandwidth is better because
a higher peak data rate could be
achived and also bigger capacity.
Also the physical layer overhead is
lower for higher bandwidth
Frequency
f
2. Subcarrier Spacing (f = 15 KHz) Power
The Symbol time is
density
Tsymbol = 1/ f = 66,7s
A compromise needed between:
f as small as possibile so that the
symbol time Tsymbol is as large as
possibile. Frequency
Amplitude
This is beneficial to solve Intersymbol
Interference in time domain TCP TSYMBOL
A too small subcarrier spacing it is
increasing the ICI = Intercarrier CP T
SYMBOL
Interference due to Doppler effect
Time
TS
OFDM Key Parameters
3. The number of Subcarriers Nc
Nc x f = BW
In LTE not all the available channel bandwidth (e.g. 20 MHz) will be used. For the transmission
bandwidth typically 10% guard band is considered (to avoid the out band emissions).
If BW = 20MHz Transmission BW = 20MHz 2MHz = 18 MHz
the number of subcarriers Nc = 18MHz/15KHz = 1200 subcarriers
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge
Channel edge
Resource block

Active Resource Blocks DC carrier (downlink only)
OFDM Key Parameters
4. FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) size Nfft
Nfft should be chosen so that:

1. Nfft > Nc number of subcarriers (sampling theorem)
2. Should be a power of 2 (to speed-up the FFT operation)
Therefore for a bandwidth BW = 20 MHz Nc = 1200 subcarriers not a power of 2
The next power of 2 is 2048 the rest 2048 -1200 = 848 padded with zeros
5. Sampling rate fs
This parameter indicates what is the sampling frequency:

fs = Nfft x f
Example: for a bandwidth BW = 5 MHz (with 10% guard band)
The number of subcarriers Nc = 4.5 MHz/ 15 KHz = 300
300 is not a power of 2 next power of 2 is 512 Nfft = 512
Fs = 512 x 15 KHz = 7,68 MHz fs = 2 x 3,84 MHz which is the chip rate in UMTS!!
The sampling rate is a multiple of the chip rate
from UMTS/ HSPA. This was acomplished because the
subcarriers spacing is 15 KHz. This means UMTS and LTE
have the same clock timing!
Resource Block and Resource Element
6. Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB)
12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain.

Capacity allocation is based on
Subcarrier 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Resource Blocks
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Resource Element ( RE):
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 subcarrier x 1 symbol period
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Theoretical minimum capacity
180 KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 allocation unit.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 RE is the equivalent of 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 modulation symbol on a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits for QPSK,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 bits for 16QAM and 6 bits for
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
64QAM.
Subcarrier 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12
1 slot 1 slot Resource
1 ms subframe Element

Bandwidth 1.4 MH 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
(NCf)
Subcarrier Fixed to 15 kHz (7.5kHz defined for MBMS)

Spacing (f)
Symbol Tsymbol = 1/f = 1/15kHz = 66.67s

duration
Sampling rate, 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72

fS (MHz)
Data 72 180 300 600 900 1200

Subcarriers (NC)
NIFFT 128 320 512 1024 1536 2048

(IFFT Length)
Number of 6 15 25 50 75 100
Resource Blocks
Symbols/slot Normal CP=7; extended CP=6
CP length Normal CP=4.69/5.12sec., Extended CP= 16.67sec

OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes

Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA

1. Maximum channel data rate
The maximum channel data rate is calculated taking into account the total number of the
available resource blocks in 1 TTI = 1ms
Max Data Rate = Number of Resource Blocks x 12 subcarriers x (14 symbols/ 1ms)
= Number of Resouce Blocks x (168 symbols/1ms)
2. Impact of the Channel Bandwith: 5, 10, 20 MHz
For BW = 5MHz -> there are 25 Resource Blocks

-> Max Data Rate = 25 x (168 symbols/1ms) = 4,2 * Msymbols/s
BW = 10MHz -> 50 Resource Blocks -> Max Data Rate = 8,2 Msymbols/s
BW = 20MHz -> 100 Resource Blocks -> Max Data Rate =16,4 Msymbols/s
3. Impact of the Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
For QPSK 2bits/symbol; 16QAM 4bits/symbol; 64QAM 6 bits/symbol

QPSK: Max Data Rate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 2bits/symbol = 32,8 Mbits/s (bandwith of 20 MHz)
16QAM: Max Data Rate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 4 bits/symbols = 65,6 Mbits/s
64QAM: Max Data Rate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 6 bits/symbols = 98,4 Mbits/s

4. Impact of the Channel Coding
Channel Coding will be discussed in chapter 6. In LTE Turbo coding of rate 1/3 will be used.
The effective coding rate is dependent on the Modulation and Coding Scheme selected by the
scheduler in the eNodeB. In practice several coding rates can be obtained. Here it is considered
1/2 and 3/4
1/2 coding rate: Max Data rate = 98,4 Mbits/s * 0,5 = 49,2 Mbits/s
3/4 coding rate: Max Data rate = 98,4 Mbits/s * 0,75 = 73,8 Mbits/s
5. Impact of MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

MIMO is discussed in chapter 9. If spatial diversity it is used (2x2 MIMO) then the data rate will
be doubled since the data is sent in parallel in 2 different streams using 2 different antennas
2x2 MIMO: Max Data Rate = 73,8 Mbit/s * 2 = 147,6 Mbits/s
6. Impact of physical layer overhead and higher layers overhead
The real data rate of the user will be further reduced if the physical layer overhead is
considered. Also the higher layers may introduce overhead as shown in chapter number 2. For
example IP , PDCP , RLC and MAC are introducing their own headers.
This type of overheads are not discussed here

OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes

Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA

OFDM Multiple Access
Up to here we have only discussed simple point-to-point or broadcast

OFDM.
Now we have to analyze how to handle access of multiple users
simultaneously to the system, each one using OFDM.
OFDM can be combined with several different methods to handle multi-user
systems:
1.-Plain OFDM
2.-Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM
3.-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA

OFDM
Plain OFDM
OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division time

Multicarrier
OFDM: Plain or Normal OFDM has no built-in ...
multiple-access mechanism. ...
This is suitable for broadcast systems like DVB-T/H ...
which transmit only broadcast and multicast signals
subcarrier
and do not really need an uplink feedback channel ...
(although such systems exist too). . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . ...
Now we have to analyze how to handle access of
multiple users simultaneously to the system, each one ...
using OFDM. ...
...
...
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)

OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division OFDMA
Multiple Access time
It is a registered trademark by Runcom Ltd. ...
The basic idea is to assign subcarriers to users based on
their bit rate services. With this approach it is quite easy to 1 1 1 2 2 ...
handle high and low bit rate users simultaneously in a 1 1 1 2 2 ...
single system.
subcarrier
1 1 1 2 2 ...
But still it is difficult to run highly variable traffic efficiently. . . . . .
The solution to this problem is to assign to a single users . . . . .
so called resource blocks or scheduling blocks. 1. 1. 1. . . ...
Such block is simply a set of some subcarriers over some 1 1 1 ...
time.
3 3 3 3 3 ...
A single user can then use one or more Resource blocks.
3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
Resource Block (RB)

1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes

Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA

OFDM Transmitter Simulation Assumptions
All 1200 subcarriers subcarriers are transmitted (assuming that the system
bandwidth is 20 MHz)
Transmit only one OFDM symbol (66.7 us)
No difference between the subcarriers used for physical layer overhead and the
subcarriers used for transmission of user data
No difference between different physical channels like e.g. PBCH (Physical Broadcast
Channel). The difference could be seen in parameters like e.g. modulation
The serial to parallel convertor is not considered (because it assumed to transmit

only one OFDM symbol)
Cyclic prefix insertion neglected (less relevant for simulation impact on symbol
duration only)

Data Generation
b10
b20
Serial to
Binary
Parallel
Coded
Converter
Data
(Bit
Distrib.)
bN-1
A random string is generated with N=1200 integers numbers from 0 to 3 that needs to be transmitted;
For simplicity only first 40 integers are plotted (the same is true for the rest of the simulation)
One can look at this sequence vertically, as being the output of the serial to parallel block (only one
OFDM symbol is transmitted )

OFDM Transmitter

Mapper

cos(2fct)
Mapper D
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial to Low I
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
x0, x1, , xN-1 IQ A RF
Data Converter . IFFT
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)
bN-1 0 Modulation sN-1

Mapper
QPSK modulation assumed

(16QAM or 64QAM also
possibile)
QPSK Modulation
Our Tx Bit 1 Bit 0 I Q
0 0 0 +1 +1
1 0 1 -1 +1
2 1 0 -1 -1
3 1 1 +1 -1
Step 1 of QPSK modulation:

map the input bits to the symbols
using the constelation diagram
I + jQ (complex = inphase +
quadrature)
Step 2 of the QPSK modulation :

in LTE the complex symbols are input
for the IFFT !

Modulation s0
Mapper
Modulation s1
Mapper
.
.
.
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Note that the sequence s0 sN-1 is a complex sequence = I + jQ (Inphase and Quadrature)
OFDM Transmitter

Mapper

cos(2fct)
Mapper D
Frequency Domain
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)

Mapper
IFFT = Inverse Fast Fourier

Transformation

IFFT Result > Time Domain
x0, x1, , xN-1

IFFT
Time
Domain
Result interpretation:
1. The signal is complex =
I+jQ
2. The signal is almost white
noise (1200 subcarriers
each
57 with equal
Nokia magnitude)
Siemens Networks
IFFT Result -> Frequency Domain
The spectrum is splitted in 2 parts Low pass filtering required
because of the zero padding in
to achieve a compact spectrum
the middle of the sequence
Zero padded subcarriers

2048-1200 = 848
First 600 subcarriers Last 600 subcarriers

BW=600*15kHz=9MHz Total BW=18MHz BW=600*15kHz=9MHz
OFDM Transmitter

Mapper

cos(2fct)
Mapper D
Frequency Domain
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)

Mapper
Digital to Analog
Conversion and
Low Pass
Filtering

D I
Low
Pass
A
D Q
Low
Pass
A
Note the delay produced by the filtering process (low pass filtering)
OFDM Transmitter

Mapper

cos(2fct)
Mapper D
Frequency Domain
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)

Mapper
Up - Conversion
Up-conversion -> Time Domain Result
This is the signal transmitted over the air interface

It can be observed the large value of the PAR (peak to average ratio) in
the time response
Up-conversion -> Frequency Domain Result

OFDM Transmitter Overview

Mapper

cos(2fct)
Mapper D
Frequency Domain
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)

Mapper

03 OFDMA v04

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OFDMA

LTE Air Interface Course

1 Nokia Siemens Networks

FDD and TDD Modes

3 Nokia Siemens Networks

5 Nokia Siemens Networks

In FDD, DL & UL use different bands with the same bandwidth

Potential solution: Use different bandwidth for DL & UL?

Hard to manage frequency bands in this case

6 Nokia Siemens Networks

Downlink Downlink Uplink

7 Nokia Siemens Networks

Duplex filters for each Tx and Rx path

Duplexer must switch between Tx and Rx paths

9 Nokia Siemens Networks

FDD and TDD mode included 1. Spectrum Allocation:

Same network architecture 2. UE complexity:

In LTE there is a high degree

In LTE OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access it is

In the UL SC-FDMA = Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

Approach for the explanation:

UL SC-FDMA will be explained in the next chapter

12 Nokia Siemens Networks

FDD and TDD Modes

13 Nokia Siemens Networks

For the LTE Air Interface design it should be considered a trade-off

1. What should be the required radio spectrum ?

2. Speed of data transmission (bit rate as high as possible)

3. Complexity of implementation (as small as possible)

How could it be realised ?

Solution: use the rectangular pulse shape

14 Nokia Siemens Networks

spectral power density

15 Nokia Siemens Networks

As a counter example look at the root

Total transmission bandwidth

15 kHz in LTE: fixed

The peak ( centre

17 Nokia Siemens Networks

19 Nokia Siemens Networks

1. ISI = Intersymbol Interference

2. ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

3. ICI = Intercarrier Interference

What should be the solutions to these challenges?

1. Inter Symbol Interference

21 Nokia Siemens Networks

1 Guard Period (GP)

2 Guard Period (GP)

3 Guard Period (GP)

24 Nokia Siemens Networks

max. delay [km] 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0

25 Nokia Siemens Networks

1. ISI = Intersymbol Interference

2. ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

3. ICI = Intercarrier Interference

What should be the solutions to these challenges?

The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between

f0 f1 f2 fN-2 fN-1 frequency

2. ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

27 Nokia Siemens Networks

Frequency (f/fs) Frequency (f/fs)

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM

1. ISI = Intersymbol Interference