The Sense of Touch

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The skin allows us to have the sense of touch

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Protects the body
from infection,
injury, and water
loss.
helps us regulate body
temperature through perspiration.
Without the nerve cells in our
skin, we couldn't feel warmth, cold,
or other sensations.
Sweat- Cools off the body
Goosebumps- keep the heat in.
The nerve endings in your skin can tell you if
something is hot, cold, smooth or rough .
They can also feel if something is hurting you.
Your body has about twenty different types of
nerve endings that all send messages to your
brain.
outer layer of our skin,
It is the tough,
protective outer layer.
It is about as thick as a
sheet of paper over
most parts of the body.
Constantly flaking off
and being renewed
 Middle layer of skin
The dermis contains.
1.Nerve endings-how things
feel
2.Blood vessels- carry blood
3.Oil glands- Produce Sebum
4.Sweat glands- produce sweat
Bottom layer
1. made mostly of fat
2. helps your body stay warm
3. absorb shocks
4. Each hair on your body grows out of
a tiny tube in the skin called a
follicle
5. Every follicle has its roots way down
in the subcutaneous layer and
continues up through the dermis.
 The Skin

1. Epidermis

4. Oil Gland

2. Dermis

5. Sweat Gland
Nerves 7.
6. Hair

3. Subcutaneous Blood Vessels 8.

Fat Cells 9.
 Tongue

Brain Nose
 The Tongue
- Tongue is the sense organ that detects
flavor.

- Inside the grooves there are many taste buds which are
taste receptors.
Magnified

Papillae

taste
bud

Microscopic
sensory cell view of
taste buds (x100)

food

brain
 The tongue moves and pushes a
small bit of food along with
Eat saliva into your esophagus,
which is a food pipe that leads
from your throat to your
stomach.

Speech Taste

The top of your tongue is covered with a layer of

bumps called papillae
. Papillae help grip food and move it around while
you chew.
They contain your taste buds, so you can taste
everything.
 Process to taste food
- Flavoring chemicals in food dissolve in the
saliva
- Stimulates the taste buds to send messages
to the brain.
- Messages are sent to the brain to give us the
taste of the food
sensory cell

chemicals
in food
 - Humans have four kinds of taste buds.
- They can detect four kinds of tastes:
sweet, sour, salty and bitter.

- Each kind of taste buds is not evenly

distributed on the tongue.
Thus, certain parts of the tongue are
more sensitive to a particular taste
than the others.

bitter

sour

salty
sweet
Nose Brain
 How do we smell ?
- Nose is the sense organ that detects smell.
- There are millions of smell receptors inside
our nose.

nasal cavity
 Smell

Breathe Taste
 Brain
Magnify
nerve

nasal cavity

mucus lining

inside

sensory cell

chemicals
in food
 Process to smell food
- When we breathe, some chemicals enter our
nose
=> chemicals dissolve in the mucus
=> stimulate the smell receptors to produce
messages
=> These messages are sent to the brain to
give us the odor of the food.

Some chemicals in the

food diffuse
into the air.
We use both smell and taste to detect the flavor of food.

Holding your nose can help take

away unpleasant taste of food.
Why do warm foods have stronger flavor than cold
foods?

This is because when food is heated, more

chemicals in food diffuse into the air.
Some medicine is unpleasant to take.
You can hold your nose while taking
the medicine. This helps take away
the unpleasant feeling.
Our tongue can only distinguish about 4 different
tastes. But our nose can distinguish about 4000
different chemicals.

Our nose can tell us not only the sweet

Thus, when our nose is also used to sense
the food, the food tastes better.

taste of ice-cream, but also whether

it is chocolate flavour or not.
Why do the elders like to take in
food with strong flavor?
Its too salty!
This is because the
senses of smell and taste of
the elders are weaker.

Food with strong flavor

tastes good to the elders.
Ear Brain
Balance Hearing
 Structures of the ear

The OUTER EAR

Ear Lobe
________________: (pinna) Collects sound waves
Ear Canal
________________: sound waves pass through to the
ear drum.
 Structures of the ear

The MIDDLE EAR

Ear Drum
________________: thin membrane that vibrates( stretched across
the ear canal)

Ossicles
________________: three small bones which help carry the sound
waves (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
 Structures of the ear

The Inner EAR

Cochlea
________________: coiled tube in the inner ear (snail shaped) filled with liquid and
hair like cells.
Semicircular Canal
________________: three small tubes in the inner ear which control your
balance
Auditory Nerve
________________: carries impulses from the ear to the brain
 How does it all work?
Sound Waves
1. ____________________ are collected in the outer ear.

Ear Canal
2. Sound waves pass through our _________________ and cause our
ear drum to vibrate.

Vibrations
3. These _________________________ are sent to our inner ear by
the ossicles. (small bones in the middle ear)

Cochlea
4. The vibrations reach the ______________________. The fluid in
the cochlea begins to move, this motion results in the hair cells
sending a signal along the auditory nerve to the brain.

Brain
5. Our __________________ receives these impulses and interprets
them as a type of sound.
 Ear Problems
Infections
1. ____________________ in the middle ear are the most
common ear problems. Germs from colds in the nose or
throat can spread through the Eustachian tube in the
middle and inner ear.

2. Hearing loss and deafness- This can result from injury,

disease, birth defects, and very loud noises.
Audiologist
___________________________: is someone who is
specially trained to test and help with the problems
related to hearing loss.
Eye Brain
Sight
 Structures of the eye

Cornea

Optic Nerve
Cornea
________________: Transparent coating which covers
the iris and the pupil at the front of the eye.
Iris
________________: The colored part of the eye that
regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
 Structures of the eye

Cornea

Optic Nerve

Pupil
________________: The opening at the center of the iris.(hole)
Lens
________________: A clear part of the eye behind the iris that helps
to focus light, or an image on the retina
 Structures of the eye

Cornea

Optic Nerve
Retina
________________: The light-sensitive tissue lining at the back of
the eye. The retina converts light into electrical impulses that are
sent to the brain through the optic nerve)

Optic Nerve
________________: A bundle of more than one million nerve fibers
that carries visual messages from the retina to the brain.
 How does it all work?
Light Rays
1. ____________________ bounce off an object you are looking at.

2. Light then enters through the outer part of the eye, called the
Cornea
___________________.

Pupil
3. Next, light rays go through an opening called the _____________.

4. Light passes through the lens on its way to the back of the eye.

Brain
5. The retina sees the world upside down, but the ___________
turns it right side up.

6. When you look at an object, each eye sees a slightly different

picture. The brain combines the images into one picture.
 Eye Problems
Pinkeye
1. ____________________ It can cause redness, itching,
inflammation or swelling, and a clear or white, yellow, or greenish
gooey liquid to collect in the eyes.

Nearsighted
2. ____________________ someone can see stuff that's near, like a
book, but has trouble seeing stuff that's far away.

Farsighted
3. ____________________ someone can see stuff that's far away, but
has trouble seeing up close, like reading the print in a book.

Astigmatism
4. ____________________ A misshaped cornea or lens causing
objects to look blurry
 Eye Care
ophthalmologist
1.Visiting an ____________________ (a medical
doctor who specializes in examining, diagnosing,
and treating eyes)at least every 2 years
2.Wearing sunglasses
3.Wearing protective eyewear whenever you play
sports
4.Take breaks from the computer, video games, or
watching TV
1.staring for a long time can strain your eyes.
5.Never share eye glasses or eye care products