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Chapter 4
Objectives
Define metabolism and the processes involved in
it
Cite the role of enzymes and energy in
metabolism
Classify enzymes according to activity
Discuss ATP
Discuss the different metabolic pathways in
glucose catabolism
Identify and explain the three processes involved
in aerobic respiration
Metabolism sum of all chemical
processes that occur within a cell.
1. Catabolism ( Catabolic )
breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler compounds
releases ENERGY
2. Anabolism ( Anabolic )
the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
requires ENERGY
Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism Anabolism
All of the catabolic reactions in cell All of the anabolic reactions in the cell
Larger molecules are broken down into Smaller molecules are bonded
smaller molecules (sometimes referred together to create larger molecules
to as a degradative reactions) (sometimes referred to as biosynthetic
reactions)
Enzymes - are special group of protein
molecules that bring about a chemical change
while themselves remaining unchanged.
- Catalysts that speed chemical reactions.
E + S -----> ES ------> E + P
Types of enzymes according to their activity
Sucrose Sucrase
Lipids Lipase
DNA DNase
Proteins Protease
removes a Hydrogen Dehydrogenase
removes a phosphate phosphotase
Naming of Enzymes
Grouped based on type of reaction they catalyze
1. Oxidoreductases oxidation & reduction
2. Hydrolases hydrolysis
3. Ligases synthesis
Enzyme Components
2 Parts
1. Apoenzyme - protein portion
2. Coenzyme (cofactor) - non-protein
1. Niacin
NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
2. Riboflavin
FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
3. Pantothenic Acid
CoEnzyme A
Factors that Influence Enzymatic
Activity
The enzyme changes shape and the active site no longer matches
the shape of the substrate molecule
Rate of reaction of an enzyme reaction changes at
different temperatures
Optimum temperature
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature/oC
The activity and shape of enzymes is also
affected by pH
Enzymes prefer to work at an optimum pH. Outside of its pH range
the enzyme is denatured.
Optimum pH
pepsin amylase
Rate
Of
Reaction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Inhibitors can effect enzymatic activity
1. Competitive Inhibitors
2. Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Competitive Inhibitors -compete for the
active site
1. Penicillin
competes for the active site on the enzyme involved in the synthesis of
the pentaglycine crossbridge
2. Sulfanilamide (Sulfa Drugs)
competes for the active site on the enzyme that converts PABA into
Folic Acid
Folic Acid - required for the synthesis of DNA and RNA
Non-competitive Inhibitors - attach to
an allosteric site
Energy and ATP
General Equation:
38 ADP + 38 P 38 ATP
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
4 subpathways
1. Glycolysis
2. Transition Reaction
3. Krebs Cycle
4. Electron Transport System
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
Oxidation of Glucose into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway-major route of glucose
metabolism
Occurs in the cytoplasm of bacteria
End Products of Glycolysis:
2 Pyruvic acid
2 NADH2
2 ATP
2. Transition Reaction
Connects Glycolysis to Krebs Cycle
End Products:
2 Acetyl CoEnzyme A
2 CO2
2 NADH2
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Series of chemical reactions that begin and end with citric acid
Occurs in the cell membrane
Products:
2 ATP
6 NADH2
2 FADH2
4 CO2
4. Electron Transport System
Occurs within the cell membrane of Bacteria
NADH2 FADH2
Glycolysis 2 Glycolysis 0
T. R. 2 T.R. 0
Krebs Cycle 6 Krebs Cycle 2
Total 10 Total 2
10 x 3 = 30 ATP 2 x 2 = 4 ATP
Total ATP production for the
complete oxidation of 1 molecule
of glucose in Aerobic Respiration
ATP
Glycolysis 2
Transition Reaction 0
Krebs Cycle 2
E.T.S. 34
Total 38 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
Electrons released by oxidation are passed down an E.T.S., but
oxygen is not the final electron acceptor
1. Type of organism
2. Original substrate
3. Enzymes that are present and active
1. Lactic Acid Fermenation
Only 2 ATP
End Product - Lactic Acid
Food Spoilage
Food Production
Yogurt - Milk
Pickles - Cucumbers
Sauerkraut - Cabbage
2 Genera:
Streptococcus
Lactobacillus
2. Alcohol Fermentation
Only 2 ATP
End products:
alcohol
CO2
Alcoholic Beverages
Propionibacterium sp.
Fermentation End Products