Day-1 LECTURE 2-Welding Technology

CARBON STEEL & ALLOY STEEL
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
SAE & AISI DEVELOPED MOST COMMON
NUMBERING & CLASSIFICATION
OF STEEL
4 DIGIT NUMBERING SYSTEM
1ST DIGIT TYPE OF STEEL
2ND DIGIT % OF ALLOYING ELEMENT
LAST TWO CARBON CONTENT IN HUNDRED

DIGITS OF A PERCENT
4 DIGIT NUMBERING SYSTEM
EXAMPLE
AISI 2315 NICKEL STEEL
ABOUT 3% NICKEL (Ni)
0.15 % CARBON (C)

MATERIAL CODE TYPE OF STEEL
1XXX CARBON STEELS
12XX SPECIAL SULPHUR CARBON STEEL
12XX PHOSPHOROUS CARBON STEEL
13XX MANGNESE STEEL
2XXX NICKEL STEELS
3XXX NICKEL CHROMIUM STEELS
4XXX MOLYBDENUM STEELS
5XXX CHROMIUM STEELS
6XXX CHROMIUM VANADIUM STEELS
7XXX TUGSTEN STEELS
9XXX SILICON MANGANESE STEELS
PERCENTAGE OF CARBON
ALLOY % OF CARBON
WROUGHT IRON NO CARBON ( < 0.08%)
LOW CARBON STEELS 0.15 % CARBON (MAX)
0.25 - 1.5 % MANGANESE
MILD STEEL 0.15 - 0.29 % CARBON
MEDIUM CARBON STEEL 0.25 - 0.50 % CARBON

0.60 - 1.65 % MANGANESE
HIGH CARBON STEELS 0.50 - 1.03 % CARBON
0.30 - 1.00% MANGANESE
LOW ALLOY STEELS 0.29 % CARBON (MAX.)
TOTAL METAL ALLOYS <= 2.0 %
CAST IRON 2.1 % CARBON
CARBON EQUIVALENT
%C % Mn % Ni % Cr + % Mo % Cu
C.E. = + + + +
6 20 10 40
if C.E. < 0.40% MATERIAL IS READILY WELDABLE
C.E. > 0.40% SPECIAL CONTROLS REQUIRED
PREHEATING
LOW HYDROGEN PROCESSES
PROCEDURE SHOULD BE QUALIFIED

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
ELECTRODES FOR CARBON & LOW - ALLOY STEEL (SMAW)
AWS SPECIFICATION A 5.1
E 60 1 0
TYPE OF COATING
& CURRENT
ELECTRODE
STRENGTH IN KSI POSITION

E 80 1 8 - B1
ELECTRODE
80 KSI Min.
ALL POSITION
AC OR DCEP
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF WELD METAL DEPOSIT
E XX X X
POSITION
SIGNIFICANCE OF 3RD DIGIT - POSITION
3RD DIGIT POSITION

1 FLAT, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, OVERHEAD
2 FLAT AND HORIZONTAL ONLY
3 FLAT, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL DOWN,

OVERHEAD
E XX X X TYPE OF COATING &
CURRENT
SIGNIFICANCE OF 4TH DIGIT
4TH DIGIT TYPE OF COATING CURRENT

0 CELLULOSE SODIUM DCEP
1 CELLULOSE POTASSIUM AC or DCEP or DCEN
2 TITANIA SODIUM AC OR DCEN
3 TITANIA POTASSIUM AC OR DCEP
4 IRON POWDER TITANIA AC or DCEP or DCEN
5 LOW HYDROGEN SODIUM DCEP
6 LOW HYDROGEN POTASSIUM AC or DCEP
7 IRON POWDER IRON OXIDE AC or DCEP or DCEN
8 IRON POWDER LOW HYDROGEN AC or DCEP
E XXXX - XX
SUFFIX
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WELD DEPOSIT

SUFFIX % Mn %Ni %Cr %Mo %V
A1
B1
B2 1
B3 2
C1 2
C2 3
C3 1 0.15 0.35
D1 & D2 1.25 2.00 0.25 0.45
G 0.50 0.30 Min. 0.20 Min. 0.10 Min.

AWS SPECIFICATIONS FOR GMAW ELECTRODES
BASE MATERIAL AWS SPECIFICATION

CARBON STEEL A 5.18
LOW ALLOY STEEL A 5.28
ALUMINIUM ALLOY A 5.10
COPPER ALLOY A 5.7
MAGNESIUM A 5.19
NICKEL ALLOYS A 5.14
STAINLESS STEEL A 5.9
TITANIUM A 5.16
CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES (GMAW)
ER 70 S- X
ELECTRODE OR ROD CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
& SHIELDING
SOLID ELECTRODE WIRE

STRENGTH IN KSI
CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES FOR GMAW
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
AWS %C %Mn %Si % OTHER

CLASSIFICATION
Ti Zi Al
E 70S 2 0.6 0.40 0.70 0.05 0.02 0.05
E 70S 3 0.06 0.15 0.90 1.40 0.45 0.70
E 70S 4 0.07 0.15 0.65 0.85
E 70S 5 0.07 0.19 0.30 0.60 0.50

0.90
E 70S 6 0.07 0.15 1.40 1.85 0.80 1.15
E 70S 7 0.07 0.15 1.50 2.00 0.50 0.80

CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES FOR GMAW
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
AWS WELDING ELECTRODE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
CLASS. (AS WELDED)
POLARITY EXTERNAL TENSILE YIELD %

GAS SHIELD STRENGTH STRENGTH ELONGATION
MIN. MIN. MIN.
KSI KSI
E 70S 2 DCEP CO2 72 60 22
E 70S 3 DCEP CO2 72 60 22
E 70S 4 DCEP CO2 72 60 22
E 70S 5 DCEP CO2 72 60 22
E 70S 6 DCEP CO2 72 60 22
E 70S 7 DCEP CO2 72 60 22
SHIELDING GAS MAY BE ARGON CO2 OR ARGON O2 MIXTURE

GTAW ELECTRODES
AWS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION COLOR

CLASS. CODE
EWP PURE TUNGSTEN GREEN
EWCe 2 97.3% TUNGSTEN, 2% CERIUM OXIDE ORANGE
EWLa - 1 98.3% TUNGSTEN, 1% LANTHANUM OXIDE BLACK
EWTh - 1 98.3% TUNGSTEN, 1% THORIUM OXIDE YELLOW
EWTh - 2 97.3% TUNGSTEN, 2% THORIUM OXIDE RED
EWZr - 1 99.1% TUNGSTEN, 0.25% ZIRCONIUM OXIDE BROWN
EWG 94.5% TUNGSTEN, REMAINED NOT GRAY
SPECIFIED
ALLOY STEEL FILLER METAL
AWS FILLER METAL SPECIFICATIONS
SUFFIX LETTER DESIGNATE THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
THE DEPOSITED WELD METAL
SUFFIX LETTER CHEMISTRY

A C Mo STEEL
B Cr Mo STEEL
C or Ni Ni STEEL
D Mn Mo STEEL
NM NI Mo STEEL
G,K,M and W OTHER LOW ALLOY STEEL

ALLOY STEEL WELDING
FOUR FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL ALLOY STEEL WELDING
1. ALWAYS USE A LOW - HYDROGEN WELDING PROCEDURE,

PROCESS & FILLER METAL
2. SELECT A FILLER METAL THAT MATCHES THE STRENGTH

LEVEL OF THE ALLOY STEEL
3. SELECT A FILLER METAL THAT COMES CLOSE TO

MATCHING THE COMPOSITION OF ALLOY STEEL
4. USE PROPER WELDING PROCEDURE

LOW CARBON STEEL WELDING
LOW CARBON STEEL
AISI CARBON WELDING SPECIAL ELECTRODE

GRADE EQUIVALENT PROCESS PRECAUTION
(% CE) (IF ANY)
C-1008 < 0.40% SMAW NIL E 60XX
C - 1025 E 70XX
MEDIUM CARBON STEEL WELDING
MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

(% CE) (IF ANY)
C-1030 < 0.40% SMAW NIL E 70XX
C - 1050
HIGH CARBON STEEL WELDING
HIGH CARBON STEEL

(% CE) (IF ANY)
C-1055 > 0.40% SMAW PRE E 70XX
C - 1095 HEATING
(200 310OC)
PWHT
LOW ALLOY STEEL WELDING
LOW NICKEL STEEL AISI 2315, 2515, 2517
MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT % COMPOSITION

CARBON (C) 0.12 0.30%
MANGANESE (Mn) 0.40 - 0.60%
SILICON (Si) 0.20 - 0.45%
NICKEL (Ni) 3.25 5.25%
WELDING ELECTRODE SPECIAL PRECAUTION

PROCESS (IF ANY)
SMAW E 80XX, C < 0.15% NO PREHEAT
(EXCEPT FOR HEAVY SECTION)
E 90XX
WITH C1, C2 C > 0.15% PREHEAT UP TO 260OC
SUFFIX STRESS RELIEVING -
ADVISABLE
LOW Ni - Cr STEEL AISI 3130, 3135, 3140, 3310, 3316

CARBON (C) 0.14 0.34%
MANGANESE (Mn) 0.40 0.90%
SILICON (Si) 0.20 0.35%
NICKEL (Ni) 1.10 3.75%
CHROMIUM (Cr) 0.55 0.75%
WELDING ELECTRODE SPECIAL PRECAUTION
PROCESS (IF ANY)
SMAW E 80XX, C < 0.15% NO PREHEAT
(EXCEPT FOR HEAVY SECTION)
E 90XX
C > 0.15% PREHEAT UP TO 316OC
STRESS RELIEVING -
ADVISABLE
LOW Mn STEEL AISI 1320, 1330, 1335, 1340, 1345

CARBON (C) 0.18 0.48%
SILICON (Si) 0.20 0.30%
WELDING ELECTRODE SPECIAL PRECAUTION (IF ANY)

PROCESS
SMAW E 80XX, LOW RANGE OF NO PREHEAT

C & Mn
E 90XX
C >= 0.25% PREHEAT DESIRABLE
WITH A-1,D- (121OC TO 149OC)
1,D-2 SUFFIX
HIGH RANGE Mn PREHEAT MANDATORY
THICKER SECTION - DO- (240OC TO 290OC)
STRESS RELIEVING ADVISABLE
LOW ALLOY Cr STEEL AISI 5015 to 5160
CARBON (C) 0.12 1.10%
SILICON (Si) 0.20 0.35%
CHROMIUM (Cr) 0.20 1.60%
WELDING ELECTRODE SPECIAL PRECAUTION (IF ANY)

PROCESS
SMAW E 80XX, LOW RANGE OF NO PREHEAT
C & Cr
E 90XX
HIGH RANGE OF PREHEAT MANDATORY
WITH B C & Cr (399OC )
SUFFIX THICKER SECTION - DO- (240OC TO 290OC)
STRESS RELIEVING ADVISABLE
STAINLESS STEEL
ALSO CALLED CORROSION - RESISTANT STEELS
THEY DO NOT RUST
STRONGLY RESIST ATTACK BY GREAT MANY LIQUIDS,

GASES & CHEMICALS
GOOD LOW - TEMPERATURE TOUGHNESS & DUCTILITY
GOOD STRENGTH & RESISTANCE TO HIGH TEMP.
IRON AS MAIN ELEMENT, CHROMIUM - 11 TO 30 %

STAINLESS STEEL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
AISI IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
IDENTIFICATION BY 3 DIGIT NUMBERS
EXAMPLE - AISI 304
FIRST DIGIT INDICATES GROUP
LAST TWO INDICATES SPECIFIC ALLOY

STAINLESS STEEL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
AISI IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
SERIES METALLURGICAL PRINCIPLE MAGNETIC

DESIGNATION GROUP ELEMENTS PROPERTY
2XX AUSTENITIC Cr Ni Mn NON MAGNETIC
3XX AUSTENITIC Cr Ni -DO-
4XX MARTENSITIC Cr MAGNETIC
4XX FERRITIC Cr -DO-
5XX MARTENSITIC Cr Mo -DO-

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING
STAINLESS STEEL IS DIFFICULT TO WELD
COMPARE TO CARBON - STEELS
THIS IS BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCE IN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
THESE DIFFERENCES ARE

LOWER MELTING TEMPERATURE
LOWER THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
HIGHER COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION
HIGHER ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
MOST POPULAR PROCESSES FOR WELDING STAINLESS

STEEL ARE
SMAW
GTAW
GMAW
AUSTENITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 2XX, 3XX
PROPERTIES
45% HIGHER MANGANESE

NOT HARDENABLE BY HEAT TREATMENT
NON MAGNETIC
MAY BECOME MAGNETIC WHEN COLD WORKED
OR WELDED
ALL AUSTENITIC SS ARE WELDABLE
EXCEPTION TYPE 303 (CONTAINS HIGH SULPHUR)
TYPE 303Se (CONTAINS SELIUM)
WELDING IS DIFFICULT COMPARING TO CARBON STEEL
REASONS
45% HIGHER THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION TO CS

HIGHER ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TO CS
LOWER THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY TO CS
LOWER MELTING POINT THAN CS

RECOMMENDATIONS:-
USE HIGH TRAVEL SPEED
IT REDUCES HEAT INPUT
IT REDUCES CARBIDE PRECIPITATION
IT MINIMIZES DISTORTION
SPECIAL PRECAUTION AGAINST WRAPAGE &

DISTORTION
(TACK WELDS SHALL BE TWICE AS NORMAL)
THIN MATERIAL - DIFFICULT TO COMPLETELY AVOID BUCKLING

FERRITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 4XX
WELDABLE EXCEPT 430F (CONTAINS HIGH SULFUR)

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION SAME AS CS
TENDENCY OF GRAIN GROWTH AT T >= 871O C
WELDING PROCESSES THAT TEND TO INCREASE
CARBON PICK UP ARE NOT RECOMMENDED e.g.
GMAW WITH CO2 SHIELDING
OXYFUEL PROCESS
FERRITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 4XX
RECOMMENDATIONS
HEAVIER SECTION - PREHEAT 205O C TO 210O C
ANNEALING - 760O C TO 816O C FOLLOWED BY

WATER OR AIR QUENCH
PEENING THE WELD (TO IMPROVE TOUGHNESS)
USE AUSTENITIC SS FILLER METAL (IF HT IS

NOT POSSIBLE)
MARTENSITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 4XX, 5XX
HARDENABLE BY HEAT TREATMENT
MAGNETIC
LOW CARBON TYPE CAN BE WELDED WITHOUT ANY

PRECAUTION
WELDING PROCESSES THAT TEND TO INCREASE CARBON

PICK UP ARE NOT RECOMMENDED
INCREASED CARBON CONTENT INCREASES CRACK

SENSITIVITY IN WELD AREA
MARTENSITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 4XX, 5XX
LOW - CARBON TYPE WELDABLE

(WITHOUT PRECAUTIONS)
%C > 0.15 PREHEAT, POST-HEAT REQD.
PREHEAT TEMP. 230O C - 290O C
POSTHEAT TEMP. 650O C - 760O C

(FOLLOWED BY SLOW COOLING)
RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL
SERIES AISI POPULAR RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL
DESIGNATION NO. NAME FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE
Cr Ni Mn 201 308 308L
Austenitic 202 308 308L
Cr Ni Austenitic 301 308 308L
302 308 308L
302B 308 309
303 - -
303Se - -
304 18/8 308 308L
304L 18/8 ELC 308L 347
305 308
309 25/12 309


Cr Ni Austenitic 309S 309 -
310 25/20 310 -
310S 310 -
314 310 -
316 18/12 Mo 316 309Cb
316L 18/12 ELC 316L 309Cb
317 19/14 Mo 317 309Cb
321 347 308L
347 19/9 Cb 347 308L
348 19/9CbLTa 347 -

Cr Martensitic 403 410 -
410 12 Cr 410 430
414 410 -
416 410 -
416 Se - -
420 12 Cr HC 410 -
431 430 -
440A High carbon welding not recommended
440B High carbon welding not recommended
440C High carbon welding not recommended


Cr Ferritic 405 410 405Cb
430 16 Cr 430 309
430F - -
430FSe - -
446 309 310
501 5 Cr - Mo 502 -
502 5 Cr - Mo 502 -
ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY
PROPERTIES
LIGHT WEIGHT
RELATIVELY HIGH STRENGTH
Al WELDING IS DIFFERENT FROM STEEL WELDING

DESIGNATION OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY GROUPS
MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT DESIGNATION

99% MINIMUM Al AND OVER 1XXX
COPPER 2XXX
MANGANESE 3XXX
SILICON 4XXX
MAGNESIUM 5XXX
MAGNESIUM AND SILICON 6XXX
ZINC 7XXX
OTHER ELEMENT 8XXX

SERIES PROPERTIES USE

1XXX Al 99% OR HIGHER PURITY PRIMARY USED IN
ELECTRICAL &
CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
2XXX PRINCIPAL ALLOYING ELEMENT Cu
HIGH STRENGTH (WHEN PROPERLY
HEAT TREATED)
LESS CORROSION RESISTANCE
OFTEN CLAD WITH Al OR SPECIAL Al
ALLOY
SERIES PROPERTIES USE

3XXX
4XXX
5XXX
6XXX
7XXX
8XXX
ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY WELDING
Al welding is different from steel welding because of

following properties of steel
Al Oxide Surface Coating

Al reacts with O2 in air to produce thin hard
film of Al - oxide on the surface
Melting point of oxide film 1926o C
(3 times melting of Al)
Oxide film absorb moisture from air
Moisture - source of H2 causing porosity
Al - Oxide film must be removed prior to
welding
Small particles of un-melted Al - Oxide will
cause lack of fusion, weld crack
Al Oxide Surface Coating

Can be removed by
Mechanical Method - Grinding etc
Chemical - Cleaning Solution
Welding Fluxes
Electrical - Cathodic Bombardment
half cycle of AC GTAW
Oxide film immediately start to form
(Weld with 8 hr. of cleaning)
High Thermal Conductivity
High Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Low Melting Temperature
The absence of color change as temperature
approaches the melting point
GTAW - Used for welding thinner

section (Use AC)
GMAW - Thicker Section
SMAW - Not Popular
OxyAcetylene - Not Popular
Resistance - Used
Welding
Solid State - Used

DISSIMILAR METAL WELDING
SHOULD BE AS STRONG AS WEAKER OF TWO

METALS JOINED
IMPORTANT TO INVESTIGATE PHASE DIAGRAM
IF MUTUALLY SOLUBLE - JT. CAN BE MADE

SUCCESSFULLY
IF MUTUALLY NOT SOLUBLE - USE THIRD METAL

WHICH IS SOLUBLE TO BOTH
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF

BOTH MATERIALS
DIFFERENCE IN MELTING TEMPERATURE
INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS FORMED

BETWEEN THE DISSIMILAR METALS
- CRACK SENSITIVITY
- DUCTILITY
- SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CORROSION
EFFECTIVE WELDING PROCESSES
ARC WELDING
ULTRASONIC WELDING
COLD WELDING
EXPLOSION WELDING
ELECTRON BEAM WELDING
LASER BEAM WELDING

POPULAR DISSIMILAR METAL COMBINATIONS
BASE METALS SMAW GTAWGMAW
Al to Mild Steel Use a transition insert of these metals

Al to Low - Alloy Steel - do -
Al to S.S. - do -
SS(Ferritic) to Low-Alloy ENiCrFe-3 RNiCrFe-3 ENiCrFe-3
Steel
SS(Aus.) to Low-Alloy ENiCrFe-3 RNiCrFe-3 ENiCrFe-3
Steel
Mild Steel to Low Alloy E7018 E70S-X E70S-X
Steel
HEAT AND WELDING
Heat is employed in most Welding Processes
1. Electric Arc
2. Resistance Heating
3. High Temperature Flame
4. Mechanical Sources - Friction, Ultrasonic
5. Exothermic Chemical Reaction
Most Common is Electric Arc
Temperature 5000oC - 20,000oC

EFFECTS OF WELDING HEAT
1. High Residual Stresses Distortion

2. Reduction in ductility & Cracking
change in hardness in HAZ
3. Deterioration in toughness
in HAZ
4. Loss of Strength in HAZ in
certain work - hardened, quenched & tempered
steel.
WELDING METALLURGY
Science of Welding closely relates to metallurgy
Metallurgy involves Producing metals from ore

Making & Compounding Alloys
Reaction of metals to many
different activities & situations
Extensive Use of Heat-treatment

Metallurgy in Steel Making & Processing
Forging
Foundry
WELDING METALLURGY
Welding Metallurgy Special branch of metallurgy
Reaction time - minute/second

Changes of physical properties
in short period
It deals with Interaction of different metals
Interaction of metals with

gases
WELDING METALLURGY
Metal in Liquid State No Distinct Structure
Atoms move freely among

themselves
As Molten Metal cools Heat Energy decreases
Less mobility of atoms
Near to Solidification Atoms attracted together in a

definite patterns
Three Dimensional lattice
Also called Space Lattices
Crystal
WELDING METALLURGY
Most Metals in Common Use are in the form of Alloy

Substitutional Solid Solution
Interstitial Solid Solution
Inter-metallic Compound
PHASE Each grouping with its own

crystalline structure
Microstructure Overall arrangement of grains, grain
boundaries & phases present in alloy
ALLOTROPES
Allotropic change
Substitutional Solid Solution
Interstitial Solid Solution
Inter-metallic Compound
PHASE Each grouping with its own

crystalline structure
Microstructure Overall arrangement of grains, grain
boundaries & phases present in alloy
WELDING METALLURGY
TEMERATURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A WELD

WELDING METALLURGY
STEPS IN THE SOLIDIFICATION OF MOLTEN METAL

WELDING METALLURGY
SOLIDIFICATION PATTERN OF GROOVE WELD

WELDING METALLURGY
CHARACTERISTICS OF WELDED JOINT IN PURE METAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF WELDED JOINT IN PRECIPITATION HARDENED ALLOY

WELDING METALLURGY
MICROSTRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF WELD

WELDING METALLURGY
WELD SHOWING WELD METAL, HEAT AFFECTED ZONE & BASE METAL

Day-1 LECTURE 2-Welding Technology

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CARBON STEEL & ALLOY STEEL

4 DIGIT NUMBERING SYSTEM

1ST DIGIT TYPE OF STEEL

2ND DIGIT % OF ALLOYING ELEMENT

LAST TWO CARBON CONTENT IN HUNDRED

4 DIGIT NUMBERING SYSTEM

AISI 2315 NICKEL STEEL

ABOUT 3% NICKEL (Ni)

0.15 % CARBON (C)

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL 0.25 - 0.50 % CARBON

if C.E. < 0.40% MATERIAL IS READILY WELDABLE

C.E. > 0.40% SPECIAL CONTROLS REQUIRED

LOW HYDROGEN PROCESSES

PROCEDURE SHOULD BE QUALIFIED

AWS SPECIFICATION A 5.1

STRENGTH IN KSI POSITION

SIGNIFICANCE OF 3RD DIGIT - POSITION

3RD DIGIT POSITION

2 FLAT AND HORIZONTAL ONLY

3 FLAT, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL DOWN,

SIGNIFICANCE OF 4TH DIGIT

4TH DIGIT TYPE OF COATING CURRENT

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WELD DEPOSIT

D1 & D2 1.25 2.00 0.25 0.45

G 0.50 0.30 Min. 0.20 Min. 0.10 Min.

AWS SPECIFICATIONS FOR GMAW ELECTRODES

BASE MATERIAL AWS SPECIFICATION

CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES (GMAW)

SOLID ELECTRODE WIRE

AWS %C %Mn %Si % OTHER

E 70S 2 0.6 0.40 0.70 0.05 0.02 0.05

E 70S 3 0.06 0.15 0.90 1.40 0.45 0.70

E 70S 4 0.07 0.15 0.65 0.85

E 70S 5 0.07 0.19 0.30 0.60 0.50

E 70S 6 0.07 0.15 1.40 1.85 0.80 1.15

E 70S 7 0.07 0.15 1.50 2.00 0.50 0.80

POLARITY EXTERNAL TENSILE YIELD %

E 70S 2 DCEP CO2 72 60 22

E 70S 3 DCEP CO2 72 60 22

E 70S 4 DCEP CO2 72 60 22

E 70S 5 DCEP CO2 72 60 22

E 70S 6 DCEP CO2 72 60 22

E 70S 7 DCEP CO2 72 60 22

SHIELDING GAS MAY BE ARGON CO2 OR ARGON O2 MIXTURE

AWS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION COLOR

SUFFIX LETTER CHEMISTRY

G,K,M and W OTHER LOW ALLOY STEEL

FOUR FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL ALLOY STEEL WELDING

1. ALWAYS USE A LOW - HYDROGEN WELDING PROCEDURE,

2. SELECT A FILLER METAL THAT MATCHES THE STRENGTH

3. SELECT A FILLER METAL THAT COMES CLOSE TO

4. USE PROPER WELDING PROCEDURE

LOW CARBON STEEL

AISI CARBON WELDING SPECIAL ELECTRODE

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

AISI CARBON WELDING SPECIAL ELECTRODE

HIGH CARBON STEEL

AISI CARBON WELDING SPECIAL ELECTRODE

MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT % COMPOSITION

WELDING ELECTRODE SPECIAL PRECAUTION

MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT % COMPOSITION

MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT % COMPOSITION

WELDING ELECTRODE SPECIAL PRECAUTION (IF ANY)

SMAW E 80XX, LOW RANGE OF NO PREHEAT