MATLAB

INTRODUCTION
TO
MATLAB
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 1

OUTLINE
What is MATLAB?
Basics of MATLAB
MATLAB Windows, Input-Output, File Types, A few general commands
Number Arrays, Simple Plots, Script File, Function File, Data Handling, Anonymous
Function, Symbolic Computation
Interactive Computation
Matrices, Vectors and Array operations, Character Strings, Command Line Functions,
Built In Functions, Saving and Loading Data, Plotting Simple Graphs

What is MATLAB?
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. MATLAB stands
for MATrix LABoratory.
It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
environment.
Problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation.
Applications
Maths and Computation
Algorithm Development
Modeling and Simulation
Data Analysis
Scientific and engineering graphics
Ref : http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/class/aos340/spr00/whatismatlab.htm
Basics of MATLAB, (MATLAB Windows)
MATLAB works through three basic windows
MATLAB Desktop
Figure Window
Editor Window


MATLAB Desktop comprises of the following sub windows
Command Window
MATLAB Command Prompt >>

All commands are run in the command prompt
Current Folder or Current Directory Pane
All files from current directory are listed here.
Workspace
List all variables that have been generated so far.
Shows the size and type of the variable.
Various operations can be performed on this variables.
Command History
A window which saves all the commands typed so far.
Store commands from multiple sessions.


FIGURE WINDOW
EDITOR WINDOW

Basics of MATLAB
On-line help documentation
help, helpwin and helpdesk
MATLAB performs interactive computation
Takes input from the screen and flushes output onto the screen.
Can read input files and write output files.
Data types in MATLAB

Fundamental data type in MATLAB is an array.
It encompasses following type of data.
Integers, Doubles, Matrices, Character Strings, Structures and Cells.
Dimensioning of data is automatic in MATLAB.
Variable declaration is case sensitive.

Basics of MATLAB
File types in MATLAB
o Five main file types are there in MATLAB
M-files (.m extension)
Script and function files comes under this category.
Mat files (.mat extension)
.mat files are used to save data.
save command is used to save data.
load command may be used to load data
Fig-files (.fig extension)
This are figure files.
Contains 2D or 3D plots.
Other less commonly used files are P-files and Mex-files.

Basics of MATLAB
Some useful commands to be remembered
Workspace Information
Command Function
clc clears command window, cursor moves to the top
home scrolls the command window to put the curser on top
clf clears figure window
Directory Information
Command Function
pwd shows the current working directory
cd changes the current working directory
dir lists contents of the current directory
ls lists contents of the current directory, same as dir
path gets or sets MATLAB search path
editpath modifis MATLAB search path
copyfile copies a fie
Basics of MATLAB
Command Function
mkdir creates a directory
General Information
Command Function
computer tells you the computer type you are using
clock gives you wall clock time and date as a vector
date tells you the date as a string
more controls the paged output according to the screen size
ver gives the license and the MATLAB version information
bench benchmarks your computer on running MATLAB
compared to other computers

Basics of MATLAB

Basics of MATLAB
Online help
Command Function
help Lists topics on which help is available
helpwin Opens the interactive help window
helpdesk opens the web browser-based help facility
help topic provides help on topic
Workspace Information
Command Function
who lists variables currently in the workspace
whos lists variables currently in the workspace with their size
what lists M- , Mat- , and Mex-fies on the disk
clear clears the workspace, all variables are removed
clear x y z clears only variables x, y, and z
clear all clears all variables and functions from workspace
Basics of MATLAB
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Basics of MATLAB
Command Function
ctrl + c local abort , kills the current command execution
quit quits MATLAB
exit same as quit
Output format in MATLAB

format short
format short e
format long
format long e
format hex
format rat
format bank
Basics of MATLAB
Simple Arithmetic Operators in MATLAB
Operator Symbol Function MATLAB Command

Addition + Trigonometric sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, csc
Subtraction - Inverse Trigo atan, acos, asin
Multiplication * Trig Degrees sind, cosd, tand
Division / Hyperbolic sinh, cosh, tanh
Exponentiation ^ Exponential exp
Square root sqrt Logarithmic log

Basics of MATLAB (Tutorial)
Simple Operations
1. Compute the following quantities in MATLAB command window
25 1 1
a) and compare this with (1 ) .
25 1 25
51
b) 5+1
1
c) 5 , ln 3 , 10 (105 ). [Hint: MATLAB command for log10 is log10(x)

2. Trigonometric functions
Complex Numbers :- MATLAB recognizes the letters i and j as the imaginary

number 1.

Simple Operations
In the command window a complex number can be written as 5i or as 5*i.
1. Compute the following quantities using MATLAB

1+5
4 exp 2 exp 2
15
Working with Arrays of Numbers

An array is a list of numbers or expressions arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns .
An array with one row or column is a vector
An array with m rows and n columns is called a matrix of size .

Basics of MATLAB (Arrays of Numbers)
Working with arrays of numbers

A vector array may be a row or a column vector
How to create a row or column vector?
ROW VECTOR
A = [1 2 3 4];
COLUMN VECTOR
B = [4;5;7;8];
Semicolon (;) suppresses the output in
command window.
See the snapshot of command window to the
right.
Basics of MATLAB (Arrays of numbers)
How to create a vector of n numbers linearly
(equally) spaced between two
given numbers a and b?
linspace command to create vector of n numbers
between two given numbers.
MATLAB command :- x = linspace(a,n,b)
For more help, type help linspace in MATLAB
command window.

Basics of MATLAB (Arrays of numbers)

Some basic array operators
Array Function
Operator
.* term-by-term multiplication
./ term-by-term division
.^ term-by-term exponentiation
Example of term by term operation.
Let A and B be two vectors
A = [3 5 7 8]; and B = [7 9 3 2];
. = 3 7 5 9 7 3 8 2 = 21 45 21 16
If term-by-term multiplication is not used, then one has to
use for loop.
term-by-term calculations speed up calculation speeds.
Similarly term-by-term division and exponential operations
may be performed. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 22
1. Equation of a straight line
a) Compute the y-coordinates of a line with slope m = 0 . 5 and the intercept c = -2 at the
following x-coordinates: x = 0, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10.
3
2. Create a column vector for with values 0, , , , , 5/4. Taking r = 2, calculate
4 2 4
all the coordinates of the circle ( = cos = sin ) at those . Verify if =
2 + 2 is same for all co-ordinates or not.
3. The terms of a geometric progression are a, ar, ar2, , arn. For a = 1, r = 0.5 and n = 1 to
10, find all the terms of the GP. Also find there sum Sn. To find sum use built in MATLAB
function sum. Type help sum in the MATLAB command prompt.

Basics of MATLAB
How to extract elements from a matrix?
How to define a matrix?
B = A(:,1:2) extracts the first two columns of the

matrix.
C = A(2:3,2:3) extracts the last four element of the
matrix.
Basics of MATLAB (Tutorial + Simple Plots)
Make an array of angle such that = 0,5,10, , 90. Prepare a matrix M =
[sind ; cosd ; tand ] . Now extract the values of sin and tand for = 0,45 and
cos for = 45,90 .

>> theta=[0:5:90];
>> M =[ sind(theta); cosd(theta); tand(theta)];
>> M(:,theta==45)
ans =
0.7071
0.7071
1.0000
>> M(:,theta==0)
ans =
0
1
0
Simple Plots
Some simple commands related to plots. On-line help, type help plot in CW
Command Function
plot creates a 2-D line plot
axis changes the aspect ratio of the x-axis and the y-axis
xlabel annotates the x-axis
ylabel annotates the y-axis
title puts a title on the plot

Basics of MATLAB (Simple Plots)

Simple Plots
1. Define [0, 2]. Calculate 1 = sin and 2 = cos . Plot the graph with small cicrles
o and in black color in two different figures.
2. For the previous case superpose the two plots in a single figure. (hold on command)
3. Define t : 0 20. Calculate = sin , = cos . Plot a 3-D graph using
command plot3(x,y,t).
4. Define = 0 10 1000 and calculate = 3 . Plot . log , log . and
log . log . Use semilogx, semilogy and loglog commands.

Basics of MATLAB (Script files)
Why a script file?

Small operations can be performed in the command window, but long multiple sequence
codes cannot be written in CW.
Programs written in CW cannot be saved.
What is a script file?
A script file is a user-created fie with a sequence of MATLAB commands in it .
The file must be saved with a .m extension to its name, thereby, making it an M-file.
A script file is executed by typing its name (without the .m extension) at the command
prompt

TOOLSTRIP
TOOLSTRIP

Green Arrowhead Basics of MATLAB (Script files)
Script file can also be executed by pressing the green arrowhead in the toolstrip or by
pressing F5
Error indicator strip at the extreme right end.
TOOL STRIP

Basics of MATLAB (Tutorial: Script files)
Script File
1. Write a script file to draw a circle of arbitrary radius, where the radius of the circle is read
as an input from the user. [Hint:- Use the input command. Type help input in the
MATLAB CW].
2. Plot the graph of the function y = sin 5 cos for [2, 2]. Find the roots of this
equation graphically when y = 0.

Basics of MATLAB (Function files)
Function files
A function file is also an M-file. just like a script file.
A function file has a function definition line on the top that defines the input and output
explicitly.

Basics of MATLAB (Function files)
Function files
Typical example of a function file which take radius as an input from the user and gives area
and perimeter as output is shown below.
This is the function file which is being called.

This is a script file which calls the
function file
Basics of MATLAB (Nested Function files)
Function files
It is possible to write a nested function file within a function file.
Maximum area of a rectangle from a number of rectangles can be calculated from given
values of length and breadths. The simple MATLAB code is shown below.
Script file Nested function file
Script file will call the function file.

The function file will then call the nested function file.
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati CW output 37
Basics of MATLAB (Matrix Manipulation)
Arrays and Matrices Re-visited
Objective: To be familiar with Matrix, Indexing, matrix
manipulations, simple computation etc.
How to enter matrix?
Matrices are entered row-wise.
Rows are separated by semicolons and columns are
separated by spaces or commas.
Matrices are entered row-wise.
Element Aij of matrix A is accessed as A(i,j) .
Correcting any entry is easy through indexing.
Any sub-matrix of A is obtained by using range
specifiers for row and column indices.
Basics of MATLAB (Arrays and Matrices)
The colon
by itself as a
row or A row or a
column column of a
index matrix is deleted
specifies all by setting it to a
rows or null vector [ ] .
columns of
the matrix.

Matrices are
transposed
using the single
right-quote
character: (').
MATRIX
multiplication
is well defined
between
compatible
pairs. Their
dimensions
must agree

Square of a matrix
Concatenation of matrix
repmat command
is used to replicate
element-by- a matrix
element squaring

Commands Function of the command
Useful zeros a matrix filled with zeros
Matrix ones a matrix filled with ones
Generator rand a matrix with uniformly distributed random elements
randn a matrix with normally distributed random elements
eye identity matrix

end command may be used as a subscript to find the end

elements of a vector or a matrix.

Transpose of a complex matrix

Be careful when taking the
transpose of complex
matrices. The transpose
operator takes the complex
conjugate transpose
To take the transpose
without conjugating the
complex elements, use the .
operator.
Inverse of a matrix can be
found using inv command
Basics of MATLAB (Arrays Tutorial)

0 A(6:15,6:15)=zeros(10,10) A(1:5,16:20)=zeros(5,5)
0 0
2
2
2 4
4 8
4
10
12
6
6 14
16
8 18
8
20
0 5 10 15 20
10 nz = 275
10
12 A(16:20,16:20)=zeros(5,5)
12 0
2
14
14 4
16 8
16
10
12
18
18 14
16
20 18
20
20
0 5 10 15 20
0 5
Indian Institute
10
of Technology
15
Guwahati
20
0 5 10
nz = 250
15 20
46
nz = 400
nz = 300

A=diag(1:6)+diag(7:11,1)+diag(12:15,2)+diag(16:18,3)+diag(19:20,4)+diag(21,5)
A= triu(A,1)'+A


>> A=rand(10);
>> A=A.*100;
>> A=fix(A);
>> A(A<10)=0;
>> A(A>90)=inf;
>> b = A(30<=A<=50);

>> fun =inline('x.^2+sin(x.*y)+y.^2');

>> x=inline('t'); >> ezcontour(fun,[-pi/2 pi/2 -pi/2 pi/2])
>> y=inline('exp(-t/2)');
>> ezplot(x,y,[0 pi/2]) >> r = inline('1+cos(theta)'); >> H = inline('x.^2/2+(1-cos(y))');
>> ezpolar(r,[0 2*pi]) >> ezsurfc(H,[-pi pi -2 2])

Basics of MATLAB (Working with Anonymous Functions)



Basics of MATLAB (Symbolic Computation)

Basics of MATLAB (Publishing Reports)
MATLAB includes an automatic report generator called publisher. This publisher is accessible, like many other
utilities , both from the menu and the command line.
The publisher publishes a script in several formats , including HTML , XML , MS Word, PowerPoint , and Latex
First , open a new file in the editor and enter the following lines (including blank lines) . The only thing new here is the double
percent (%%) character. It indicates the beginning of a new cell
The text in a line beginning with %% is used as the title of that section (or cell) by the publisher

Basics of MATLAB (Publishing Reports)
%%Publishing reports-A simple Example

%%A Spiral Plot
% Let us plot a spiral given by
%r(t) = exp(-theta/10), 0<=theta<=10*pi
%% create vectors theta and r
theta = linspace(0,10*pi,200); %200 linearly spaced points

between 0 and 10*pi
r= exp(-theta/10); %compute r
%% Now plot theta vs r using polar plot
polar(theta,r)
publish('Report_Generation','html')
cd html;
open Report_Generation.html
Basics of MATLAB (Graphics and GUI)







Change the value and observe
the change in the Plot

MATLAB

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INTRODUCTION

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 1

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MATLAB Command Prompt >>

List all variables that have been generated so far.

Shows the size and type of the variable.

Various operations can be performed on this variables.

A window which saves all the commands typed so far.

Store commands from multiple sessions.

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Data types in MATLAB

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Output format in MATLAB

Operator Symbol Function MATLAB Command

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c) 5 , ln 3 , 10 (105 ). [Hint: MATLAB command for log10 is log10(x)

Complex Numbers :- MATLAB recognizes the letters i and j as the imaginary

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 18

Working with Arrays of Numbers

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Working with arrays of numbers

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Working with arrays of numbers

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B = A(:,1:2) extracts the first two columns of the

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Why a script file?

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This is the function file which is being called.

Script file Nested function file

Script file will call the function file.

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end command may be used as a subscript to find the end

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Transpose of a complex matrix

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>> fun =inline('x.^2+sin(x.*y)+y.^2');

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