Annyeong haseyo!

What is a cement?
Latin word caementum-
stone chippings
A powder of silica, lime, and
magnesium oxide burned
together in a kiln and finely
pulverized and used as an
ingredient of mortar and
concrete
The binding materials used in
building and civil engineering
construction
History of Cement
 The origin of hydraulic cement goes back to ancient Greece
and Rome
2000 years ago, materials used were lime and volcanic ash that
slowly reacted with water to form hard mass
Pozzolana cement was developed during the Roman era in the
city now called Pozzouli, Italy
Portland cement was first developed by John Smeaton(Devon,
England) but later was attributed to John Aspdin(Leeds,
Yorkshire, England)
Portland cement was later improved by Isaac Charles Johnson
in southeastern England in 1850
During the 20th century, cement manufacture spread worldwide
By 21st century, China and India had become the world leaders
in cement production, followed by the United States, Brazil,
Turkey and Iran
 What are the importance of cement?
Used in mortar for plastering, masonry
work, and other construction works
Used in making joints for drains and pipes
Water tightness of structure
Concrete for laying floors, roofs, lintels,
beams, stairs, and pillars
Protection of exposed structure against the
destructive effects of weather and certain
organic or inorganic chemicals
Engineering structures(bridges, culverts,
dams, tunnels, light house, foundations,
water tight floors, footpaths, wells, water
tanks, and roads)
Pozzolan Cement
discovered by ancient
Romans when volcanic
earths(Pozzolanas) are
added to lime to give a
product which hardens
with water
Pozzolan Cement
derived from Pozzouli, a
village in Naples, Rome
contains siliceous
clays(can be used for
concreting when burnt)

Siliceous clays
 Portland Cement
Developed through experiment by
blending materials containing calcium,
alumina, iron and silica
Attributed to Joseph Aspdin who named it
"Portland" because of its resemblance to a
building stone quarried on the Isle of
Portland.
The material produced by burning to
incipient fusion (1400C-1700C), a
properly proportioned mixture of
argillaceous and calcareous materials
Burnt product called clinker is mixed with
2 %-5% gypsum and pulverized to form
portland cement
Argillaceous Material
includes clay, shale, blast
furnace slag and cement
rock
these materials contribute
silica (SiO), alumina
(AlO) and iron oxide to
the clinker
argillaceous components
are fined grained
 Calcareous material
includes limestone, chalk,
marl, marine shells and
waste calcium carbonate
from industrial processes
contribute lime(CaO) to
Limestone
the clinker
calcerous materials are
compounds of magnesium
and calcium

Lime
Important cement factors to remember
Only a certain amount of
water can be combined
with the cement
Dehydration-drying out of
the material using intense
heat in its manufacture
Hydration-the chemical
reaction where cement
combines chemically with
water, then hardens for
an indefinite period
Thirty kilograms of water
are required to hydrate
100 kilograms of cement
Hydration in cement
Conditions essential for the completions of
these chemical reactions

Sufficient Favorable Continued

Time Temperature presence of
water
 Significant compounds resulting from
the manufacture of cement
Tricalcium Silicate
3CaOSiO(CS)
Dicalcium Silicate
2CaOSiO(CS)
Tricalcium aluminate
3CaO.AlO(CA)
Tetracalcium
aluminoferrite
4CaO.AlO.FeO(C
AF)
 Tricalcium Silicate
also known as Alite
it is the major,
characteristic, mineral
phase in Portland
cement
responsible for the
initial set and of the
early strength of the
cement
early strength is
higher with increased
percentage of
tricalcium silicate
 Dicalcium Silicate
It is the slowest in
hardening but as it
ages, it will have the
same strength as the
tricalcium silicate
Reacts the slowest,
releases the least heat
and has relatively low
shrinkage
Contributes largely to
strength increase at
ages beyond one week
 Tricalcium aluminate
reacts quickly, gained
satisfactory amount of its
maximum strength the first
day after mixing
liberates the most heat during
the first few days of hydration
and hardening and
undergoes the most
shrinkage
cements with high content of
CA are not suitable for mass
concreting and should be
mixed with fly ash
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite
Also known as ferrite
Dark brown crystalline
phase commonly found
in cement
Reduces the clinkering
temperature, thereby
assisting in the
manufacture of cement
Hydrates rapidly but
contributes little
strength
Cement-making process
Five Types of Portland Cement
 - pavements, sidewalks, buildings,
bridges, tanks, waterpipe
- for construction exposed to sulfate
action. It generates heat of hydration slower than
Type 1. Used in large piers, heavy abutments and
retaining walls
-for high early strength
a. used if you are in a hurry to strip forms and use
them again
b. used when you need to put concrete into service
faster than normal
c.used in cold weather to reduce protection needed
 - for low heat hydration. Used in massive
structures such as large dams where the
temperature rise during hardening may cause
serious problems
-for high sulfate resistance. Used for
structures exposed to coal mine drainage

IA, IIA, IIIA- air-entraining cements made by

grinding small amounts of air-entraining
materials with the clinker during manufacture
 Other Types of Cement

Gray Ordinary
Portland White Porland Masonry or
Cement Cement Mortar

Oil-Well Blended
Cement Cement
 Gray Ordinary Portland Cement
mainly composed of clinker
residential, commercial, industrial, public infrastracture
White Portland Cement
limestone, kaolin clay and gypsum
architectural works
sculptural casts
other applications where white prevails
Masonry or Mortar
Portland cement mixed with finely ground inert(limestone)
Concrete blocks, road finishes, brick work
 Oil-well Cement
specially design variety of hydraulic cement
produced with gray Portland clinker
applicable for different depth, chemical aggression and
pressure levels

Blended Cement
produced by blending Portland and supplementary
cementitious materials such as granulated furnace slag, fly
ash, silica fume, hydrated lime, and pozzolan
reduces mixing water
improves workability and finishing
Komawo!