ANANLYSIS OF TWO PINNED

AND THREE PINNED ARCHES

SUBMITTED BY:- SUNMITTED TO:-
ATUL BHARTI(13/ICE/012) Dr. SHILPA PAL.
LOKESH MEENA(13/ICE/021)
SAURABH PATHAK(13/ICE/039)
SHUBHAM MAVI(13/ICE/044)
SONU AHIRWAR(13/ICE/051)
 ARCHES
An arch is a curved structure that spans a space and
may or may not support weight above it.
It is a pure compression form.
Can span a large area by resolving forces
into compressive stresses and, in turn
eliminating tensile stresses. Sometimes referred to as
arch action.
 TYPES OF ARCHES

Basically arches can categorized as:-

FIXED ARCHES PINNED ARCHES

CIRCULAR ARCHES. TWO PINNED ARCHES.

POINTED ARCHES. THREE PINNED ARCHES.

PARABOLIC ARCHES.
FIXED ARCHES
 CIRCULAR ARCHES
Also referred to as rounded
arches.
Were commonly employed
by the builders of ancient,
heavy masonry arches.
Ancient Roman builders
relied heavily on the
rounded arch to span large,
open areas. Several
rounded arches placed in-
line, end-to-end, form an
arcade, such as the Roman
aqueduct.
 POINTED ARCHES
Often used by builders of
Gothic-style architecture.
The advantage to using a
pointed arch, rather than a
circular one, is that the arch
action produces less thrust
at the base. This innovation
allowed for taller and more
closely spaced openings,
typical of Gothic
architecture
 PARABOLIC ARCHES
Employs the principle that
when weight is uniformly
applied to an arch, the
internal compression
resulting from that weight
will follow a parabolic
profile.
Of all arch types, the
parabolic arch produces the
most thrust at the base, but
can span the largest areas.
commonly used in bridge
design, where long spans
are needed.
PINNED ARCHES
 TWO PINNED ARCHES
Most often used to bridge long spans.
has pinned connections at the base.
Unlike the fixed arch, the pinned base is able to
rotate, allowing the structure to move freely and compensate
for the thermal expansion and contraction caused by changes
in outdoor temperature.
However, this can result in additional stresses, so the two-
hinged arch is also statically indeterminate, although not to
the degree of the fixed arch.
 THREE PINNED ARCHES
The three-hinged arch is not only hinged at its base, like the
two-hinged arch, but at the mid-span as well.
Additional connection at the mid-span allows the three-
hinged arch to move in two opposite directions and
compensate for any expansion and contraction. This type of
arch is thus not subject to additional stress caused by thermal
change.
The three-hinged arch is therefore said to be statically
determinate.
Often used for medium-span structures, such as large
building roofs.
ANALYSIS OF A TWO PINNED ARCH
 Two-Pinned Arch experiment
consist of:-
two supports.
aluminum alloy parabolic arch.
Hangers(10 hangers each of 10gms
mass).
Two pivots (one fixed and other
rolling).
Force sensor.
Two supports.
Weights (150 weights of 10gms
each).
Work bench with a digital force
display.
 SETUP:-
Place the assembled test frame on workbench.
four securing nuts in the top groove of the bottom
member of the frame. Slide them to approximately
the positions.
Fit the left-hand support and arch rib to the frame
using two thumbscrews (on the front only) into the
frame securing nuts.
Fit the right-hand support in roughly the correct
position and fasten as per the left-hand support.
Allow the bearings to run on the support track.
 Continued:-
Adjust the position of the right-hand support until the distance
between the arch pivots is 500 mm the right-hand pin should now
be resting gently against the Load Cell.
Make sure the Digital Force Display is on. Connect the mini DIN
lead from Force Input 1 on the Digital Force Display to the socket
marked Force Output on the right-hand side of the support.
Carefully zero the force meter using the dial on the right-hand
support of the experiment. Gently apply a small load with a finger
to the crown of the arch and release. Zero the meter again if
necessary. Repeat to ensure the meter returns to zero.

Note: If the meter is only 0.1 N, lightly tap the frame (there
may be a little stiction and this should overcome it).
 EXPERIMENT 1: Point Load Moving
Across a Two-Pinned Arch
OBJECTIVE:
fixed load at various
positions across the arch
and investigate how this
affects the horizontal
reaction.
 PROCEDURE:
Ensure that the force meter reading is zero .
Put a mass (on a hanger) of 500 g on the far left-hand arch
hanger.
Record the resulting force meter reading.
Move the mass along the top of the arch one position at a
time. Record the force meter reading at each position
Corresponding to each reading, calculate the horizontal
thrust by using formula derived from secant assumptions.
 Continued:
corresponding to each reading, calculate influence value and
span fraction by using formulae:

NOTE: in order to convert loads in (Newton) use conversion table:

 RESULTS:
Typical results for experiment 1 are as follows:
 GRAPHS:
Corresponding to the results obtained, graphs are
plotted as:
EXPERIMENT 2: Uniformly Distributed
Load on a Two-Pinned Arch
OBJECTIVE:
Apply a UDL to the arch
and measure the
resulting horizontal
horizontal reaction.
 PROCEDURE:
Set up the equipment as detailed in Experiment 1.
Put a mass of 70 g on each of the hangers to give a combined mass of
630 g across the arch.
Record the horizontal reaction.
Calculate the horizontal thrust for above given mass by using the
formula:

Repeat the process with 140 g on each hanger (giving a combined mass
of 1260 g across the arch) and record and calculate the horizontal
reaction.
 RESULTS: