Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Prepared by:
Dr. Ivica Kostanic
Lecture 2: Orbital Mechanics
(Section 2.1)
Spring 2014
Outline
Johannes Kepler published laws of planetary motion in solar system in early 17th century
Laws explained extensive astronomical planetary measurements performed by Tycho Brahe
Keplers laws were proved by Newtons theory of gravity in mid 18th century
Keplers laws approximate motion of satellites around Earth
p
1. r
1 e cos
dr
2. r const
dt
T2
3. 3
const
a
Illustration of Keplers law Florida Institute of technologies Page 3
Derivation of satellite orbit (1)
Based on Newtons theory of gravity and laws of motion
Satellite moves in a plane that contains Earths origin
Acting force is gravity
Mass of Earth is much larger than the mass of a satellite
GM E mr
F
r3
Newtons 2nd law Constants
d 2r r
2
3 0
dt r
Satellite in Earths orbit Differential equation that determines the orbit
Florida Institute of technologies Page 4
Derivation of satellite orbit (2)
Solution of the motion differential equation gives trajectory
in the form of an ellipse
e=0.9
e=0.5
p
r0
e=0.2
1 e cos 0 e=0
e eccentrici ty
h2
p
h angular moment
b a e a 1 e
2 2 2 2
2
p2
p2
1 e
2 2 1 e2
p h2 /
b ; b a 1 e2
1 e2 1 e2
1. Relationship between a and p 3. Relationship between eccentricity, perigee and apogee distances
2a r0 0 0 r0 0 EB
p
rp ; EA
p
ra
1 e 1 e
p p 2p
1 e 1 e 1 e2 ra rp
e
p h /
2 ra rp
a
1 e2 1 e2
r0 ds sin r0 , ds r0 v dt sin r0 , ds
1 1
dA
2 2
1 1 dr 1
r0 v dt r0 0 dt hdt
2 2 dt 2
dA 1
h const
dt 2
Definitions:
S satellite
O center of the Earth
C center of the ellipse and corresponding circle
2 1/ 2
A circle is drawn so that it 3/ 2 - average angular velocity
encompasses the satellites T a
M t t p - mean anomaly
elliptical trajectory
Algorithm summary:
Notes:
Detailed derivations provided in the notes
In 3, solution is determined numerically
In 4, equation for true anomaly gives two values. One of them needs to be eliminated
Florida Institute of technologies Page 10
Examples