Module 9001

Energy Balance

Paul Ashall, 2008

Paul Ashall, 2008

 Concerned with energy changes and
energy flow in a chemical process.
Conservation of energy first law of
thermodynamics i.e. accumulation of
energy in a system = energy input
energy output

Paul Ashall, 2008

Forms of energy
Potential energy (mgh)
Kinetic energy (1/2 mv2)
Thermal energy heat (Q) supplied to or removed
from a process
Work energy e.g. work done by a pump (W) to
transport fluids
Internal energy (U) of molecules

m mass (kg)
g gravitational constant, 9.81 ms-2
v velocity, ms-1

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Energy balance
W

mass in mass out

system
Hin Hout

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IUPAC convention

- heat transferred to a system is +ve and

heat transferred from a system is ve
- work done on a system is+ve and work
done by a system is -ve

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Steady state/non-steady state

Non steady state -

accumulation/depletion of energy in
system

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Uses
Heat required for a process
Rate of heat removal from a process
Heat transfer/design of heat exchangers
Process design to determine energy requirements of a
process
Pump power requirements (mechanical energy balance)
Pattern of energy usage in operation
Process control
Process design & development
etc

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Enthalpy balance

p.e., k.e., W terms = 0

Q = H2 H1 or Q = H

, where H2 is the total enthalpy of output

streams and H1is the total enthalpy of
input streams, Q is the difference in
total enthalpy i.e. the enthalpy (heat)
transferred to or from the system
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continued

Q ve (H1>H2), heat removed from

system
Q +ve (H2>H1), heat supplied to
system.

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Example steam boiler

Two input streams: stream 1- 120 kg/min.

water, 30 deg cent., H = 125.7 kJ/kg;
stream 2 175 kg/min, 65 deg cent, H=
272 kJ/kg
One output stream: 295 kg/min. saturated
steam(17 atm., 204 deg cent.), H =
2793.4 kJ/kg

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continued

Ignore k.e. and p.e. terms relative to enthalpy

changes for processes involving phase
changes, chemical reactions, large
temperature changes etc
Q = H (enthalpy balance)
Basis for calculation 1 min.
Steady state
Q = Hout Hin
Q = [295 x 2793.4] [(120 x 125.7) + (175 x 272)]
Q = + 7.67 x 105 kJ/min
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Steam tables

Enthalpy values (H kJ/kg) at various P,

T

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Enthalpy changes

Change of T at constant P
Change of P at constant T
Change of phase
Solution
Mixing
Chemical reaction
crystallisation

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 Latent heats (phase changes)

Vapourisation (L to V)
Melting (S to L)
Sublimation (S to V)

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Mechanical energy balance
Consider mechanical energy terms only
Application to flow of liquids
P + v2 + g h +F = W
2
where W is work done on system by a pump
and F is frictional energy loss in system (J/kg)
P = P2 P1; v2 = v22 v12; h = h2 h1

Bernoulli equation (F=0, W=0)

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Example - Bernoulli eqtn.

Water flows between two points 1,2. The

volumetric flow rate is 20 litres/min.
Point 2 is 50 m higher than point 1. The
pipe internal diameters are 0.5 cm at
point 1 and 1 cm at point 2. The
pressure at point 2 is 1 atm..
Calculate the pressure at point 2.

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continued

P/ + v2/2 + gh +F = W

P = P2 P1 (Pa)
v2 = v22 v12
h = h2 - h1 (m)
F= frictional energy loss (mechanical energy
loss to system) (J/kg)
W = work done on system by pump (J/kg)
= 1000 kg/m3

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continued

Volumetric flow is 20/(1000.60) m3/s

= 0.000333 m3/s
v1 = 0.000333/((0.0025)2) = 16.97 m/s
v2 = 0.000333/ ((0.005)2) = 4.24 m/s

(101325 - P1)/1000 + [(4.24)2 (16.97)2]/2 + 9.81.50 = 0

P1 = 456825 Pa (4.6 bar)

Paul Ashall, 2008

Sensible heat/enthalpy
calculations
Sensible heat heat/enthalpy that must be transferred
to raise or lower the temperature of a substance or
mixture of substances.
Heat capacities/specific heats (solids, liquids,
gases,vapours)
Heat capacity/specific heat at constant P, Cp(T) = dH/dT
or H = integral Cp(T)dT between limits T2 and T1
Use of mean heat capacities/specific heats over a
temperature range
Use of simple empirical equations to describe the
variation of Cp with T

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continued

e.g. Cp = a + bT + cT2 + dT3

,where a, b, c, d are coefficients

H = integralCpdT between limits T2, T1

H = [aT + bT2 + cT3 + dT4]
2 3 4
Calculate values for T = T2, T1 and subtract

Note: T may be in deg cent or K - check units for Cp!

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Example

Calculate the enthalpy required to heat a

stream of nitrogen gas flowing at 100
mole/min., through a gas heater from 20
to 100 deg. cent.
(use mean Cp value 29.1J mol-1 K-1 or Cp
= 29 + 0.22 x 10-2T + 0.572 x 10-5T2
2.87 x 10-9 T3, where T is in deg cent)

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Heat capacity/specific heat data
Felder & Rousseau pp372/373 and Table B10
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook
The properties of gases and liquids, R. Reid et al, 4th
edition, McGraw Hill, 1987
Estimating thermochemical properties of liquids part
7- heat capacity, P. Gold & G.Ogle, Chem. Eng.,
1969, p130
Coulson & Richardson Chem. Eng., Vol. 6, 3rd edition,
ch. 8, pp321-324
PhysProps

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Example change of phase
A feed stream to a distillation unit contains an equimolar
mixture of benzene and toluene at 10 deg cent.The
vapour stream from the top of the column contains
68.4 mol % benzene at 50 deg cent. and the liquid
stream from the bottom of the column contains 40
mol% benzene at 50 deg cent.

[Need Cp (benzene, liquid), Cp (toluene, liquid), Cp

(benzene, vapour), Cp (toluene, vapour), latent heat
of vapourisation benzene, latent heat of vapourisation
toluene.]

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 Energy balances on systems
involving chemical reaction
Standard heat of formation (Hof) heat of
reaction when product is formed from its
elements in their standard states at 298 K, 1
atm. (kJ/mol)

aA + bB cC + dD
-a-b +c +d (stoichiometric coefficients, i)
HofA, HofB, HofC, HofD (heats of formation)
HoR = c HofC + d HofD - a HofA - bHofB

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Heat (enthalpy) of reaction

HoR ve (exothermic reaction)

HoR +ve (endothermic reaction)

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Enthalpy balance equation -
reactor
Qp = Hproducts Hreactants + Qr

Qp heat transferred to or from process

Qr reaction heat ( HoR), where is
extent of reaction and is equal to [moles
component,i, out moles component i,
in]/ i

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 Hproducts
Hreactants
system
Qr

+ve

Qp
-ve
Note: enthalpy values must be calculated with reference to a
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temperature of 25 deg cent
Energy balance techniques
Complete mass balance/molar balance
Calculate all enthalpy changes between
process conditions and standard/reference
conditions for all components at start (input)
and finish (output).
Consider any additional enthalpy changes
Solve enthalpy balance equation

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Energy balance techniques

Adiabatic temperature: Qp = 0

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Examples

Reactor
Crystalliser
Drier
Distillation

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References

The Properties of Gases and Liquids, R.

Reid
Elementary Principles of Chemical
Processes, R.M.Felder and
R.W.Rousseau

Paul Ashall, 2008