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01 March 2010
Examine the moving boundary work or P.dV work.
Identify the first law of thermodynamics for closed
(fixed mass) systems.
Develop the general energy balance for closed
systems.
Define the specific heat at constant volume and at
constant pressure.
Relate the specific heats to the changes in internal
energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
Changes in internal energy and enthalpy for
incompressible substances.
Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed
mass) systems that involve heat and work
interactions.
Wb= F.s
Wb = F.ds
Wb = PA.ds
Wb = P.dV
The area under the
process curve on a P-V
diagram is equal, in
magnitude, to the work
done during a quasi-
equilibrium expansion
or compression process
of a closed system.
On the P-v diagram, it
represents the Wb
done per unit mass.)
Ina car engine, the boundary work done
by the expanding hot gases is used to
overcome friction between the piston and
the cylinder, to push atmospheric air out
of the way, and to rotate the crankshaft.
A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and
150C. As a result of heat transfer to the
surroundings, the temperature and
pressure inside the tank drop to 65C and
400 kPa, respectively. Determine the
boundary work done during this process.
Analysis:
P-V diagram of
the process is
shown.
Theboundary
work can be
determined :
A frictionless pistoncylinder device
contains 10 lbm of steam at 60 psia and
320F. Heat is now transferred to the steam
until the temperature reaches 400F. If the
piston is not attached to a shaft and its
mass is constant, determine the work
done by the steam during this process.
Analysis The pressure of the steam remains
constant during this process since both the
atmospheric pressure and the weight of the
piston remain constant. For a constant-pressure
process (Mind that V = mv):
From the superheated vapor table (Table A
6E), the specific volumes are determined to be
v1 = 7.4863 ft3/lbm at state 1 (60 psia, 320oF),
v2 = 8.3548 ft3/lbm at state 2 (60 psia, 400oF).
Substituting these values yields:
A pistoncylinder device initially contains
0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and 80C. The air is
now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way
that the temperature inside the cylinder
remains constant. Determine the work done
during this process.
Pressureand volume are often related by PVn =
C, where n and C are constants.
For ideal gas (PV = mRT), then: