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Direct connected.
Simplest.
Requires switch to prevent motoring.
Draws reactive power with no reactive control.
Wind Generator Topologies
Doubly-fed.
The doubly-fed topology is the most common for high power.
Rotor control allows for speed control of around 25% of
synchronous.
Rotor converter rating is only around 25% of total generator rating.
Reactive power control.
Wind Generator Topologies
Direct-drive.
Eliminate the gearbox by using a very-high pole synchronous generator.
Resulting generator design is relatively wide and flat.
No gearbox issues.
Full-rated converter is required.
Full speed and reactive power control.
Wind Energy Issues
Wind is intermittent
Limits winds percentage of the energy mix
Wind energy is often located in rural areas
Rural grids are often weak and unstable, and prone to
voltage sags, faults, and unbalances
Unbalanced grid voltages cause many problems
for induction generators
Torque pulsations
Reactive power pulsations
Unbalanced currents
Outline
stator grid
DFIG
rotor
DC link
AC DC
DC AC
Higher Cp means
more energy
captured
Maintain tip-speed
ratio at nominal
value
Rr ' Re Vr I r
*
2 R ' P
Ps I r ' Ir ' r r
2
s s s s
Im Vr I r
2 2
Vs Vs Qr
Qs
Xm s Xm s
0.2 s 0.2
Outline
DFIGs naturally
have complex
poles near the
RHP, near the
grid frequency
second harmonic in
0.9
0.8
0 1 2 3
x
4 5 6
the dq system
Outline
s 0 Q filt s z 1
Cd ,comp Cd ,comp ,bp Cd ,comp ,ll k 2
s s Q 2 s 1
0 filt 0 p
Compensation Controller Design
0.1
-1 0
-0.1
-0.2
-1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
time (seconds) time (seconds)
Generator Torque 100 Hz Magnitude Generator Stator Reactive Power 100 Hz Magnitude
reactive power (per unit)
torque (per unit)
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2 0.1
0.1
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
time (seconds) time (seconds)
Hardware Results (15 kW)
Generator Stator and Rotor Active Power Stator Voltage and Current Unbalance Factor
0.3
active power (per unit)
stator VUF
0
rotor IUF
-0.5 0.25
-1
unbalance factor
0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
time (seconds)
Generator Total Active Power 0.15
active power (per unit)
total
0
0.1
-0.5
-1 0.05
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
time (seconds) time (seconds)
1
isb 0.1
isc
0 0
-0.1
-1
-0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
time (seconds) time (seconds)
Stator Current 50 Hz Magnitude Rotor q-Axis Voltage
0.2
isa
voltage (per unit)
current (per unit)
isb 0.1
1
isc
0
0.8
-0.1
0.6 -0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
time (seconds) time (seconds)
Hardware Results (15 kW)
Steady
Torque 100 Hz Component Stator Reactive Power 100 Hz Component
0.4
no comp (hardware) no comp (hardware)
0.35 w/comp (hardware) w/comp (hardware)
no comp (simulation) 0.25 no comp (simulation)
state
w/comp (simulation) w/comp (simulation) y=6.2e+000*x-0.00
0.3
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05 y=3.2e-001*x+0.02
y=2.9e-001*x+0.00
y=5.9e-001*x-0.00 y=3.5e-001*x-0.00
0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
stator voltage unbalance factor (VUF) stator voltage unbalance factor (VUF)
Stator Current Unbalance Factor (IUF)
Qs -> 17.7
w/comp (simulation)
0.15
0.1
Reduction, Hardware:
Torque -> 29.1
y=1.3e+000*x+0.02
0.05
Qs -> 22.8
IUF -> 5.5
y=8.2e-001*x-0.00
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
stator voltage unbalance factor (VUF)
Thank You!
Questions?