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7%
10% 24%
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Americas
South-East Asia
European
13%
Eastern Mediterranean
35%
11%
Risk Factors
In the road traffic, risk is a function of four
elements:
1. The exposure the amount of movement or
travel within the system by different users or
a given population density.
2. The underlying probability of a crash, given
a particular exposure.
3. The probability of injury
4. The outcome of injury
Some of the main Risk Factors for
Road Traffic Crashes and Injuries
Factors influencing exposure to road traffic:
Economic Factors such as level of economic
development
Demographic factors such as age, gender and
place of residence
Land use planning practices which influence how
long people travel and by which means
Mixture of vulnerable road users and high speed
motorized traffic
Lack of consideration of the ways in which roads
will be used when determining speed limits, road
design and layout
Some of the main Risk Factors for Road
Traffic Crashes and Injuries
Risk factors influencing being involved in a crash:
Inappropriate and excessive speed
Presence of alcohol and other drugs
Fatigue
Being young and male
Being vulnerable road user in an urban or
residential area
Traveling in darkness
Poor vehicle maintenance
Road design, layout and maintenance defects
Inadequate visibility due to weather conditions
Poor eyesight
Some of the main Risk Factors for Road
Traffic Crashes and Injuries
Risk factors influencing the severity of a crash:
Individual characteristics such as age which
influence the ability of a person to tolerate a crash
Inappropriate and excessive speed
Non use of seat belts and child restraints by
vehicle users
Non use of crash helmets by two-wheeler
Unforgiving roadside objects such as concrete
pillars
Insufficient vehicle crash protection such as air
bags for occupants and vehicle soft fronts for
those who may be struck by vehicles
Some of the main Risk Factors for Road
Traffic Crashes and Injuries
Risk factors influencing the consequences
of injuries sustained as a result of crash:
Delayed crash detection and transport to a
health facility
Rescue and evacuation
Lack of appropriate care prior to arriving at
a health facility
Post collision fire
Leakage of hazardous material
Situation in the EMRO
Range:
8 deaths/100,000 population in Yemen
24 deaths/100,000 population in Oman
Cumulatively 132,000 deaths in region (out of a
population of more then 492 million) occurring due
to RTAs in 2002
Almost twice the figure from Europe which was
68000 (out of a population of more then 874
million) in 2002
There has been substantial increase in RTA victims
in EMRO in recent years i.e. indicating acceleration
of the problem and alarming predictions.
What is being done in the EMRO?
[Overall growing realization of escalating problem
of RTIs]
1. At global level, countries put forward RTIs prevention for
discussion in the UN,
Sultan Qaboos assumed a leading role
Road Safety is no accident, World Health Day 2004
2. At Local levels:
Traffic laws being reviewed and strengthened
In Saudi Arabia, KFSH has taken the lead in road safety efforts
with the formation of a special high level committee for road safety
(minister of interior), Multi-sectoral efforts.
National campaign for prevention of RTA in Egypt 1997 to raise
public awareness, new traffic law, seat belts, free emergency care.
Growing awareness of the seriousness of the problem in Iran.
Fines increased to 10 folds, training traffic officers.
Intervention
Principles:
Cont
Cont
Principles:
Intervention
Road
Multisectoral strategic plans Users
address the three prime
Road
elements of the traffic system: infra-
vehicle
Prevention Strategies and structure
Principles:
Intervention
As with other areas of public health, road
injury prevention requires effective
management to put in place evidence based
measures, overcoming obstacles to their
implementation
Legislation are of crucial importance, but laws
are never sufficient in themselves
Laws can only work when the public is
convinced that the laws will be enforced
In countries where enforcement is loose, if it
exists at all, levels of compliance are low.
Elements of Intervention
1. Managing exposure to risk:
Reducing motor vehicle traffic
Minimizing exposure to high risk
2. Shaping the road network for road injury
prevention
Safety awareness in planning roads
Incorporating safety features into road design
Action at high-risk crash site
3. Providing Visible, crash-protective, Smart
vehicles:
Improving the visibility of vehicles
Crash-protective vehicle design
Intelligent Vehicles
Cont
Cont
Elements of Intervention
4. Setting and securing compliance with key road
safety rules:
Enforcing speed limits
Enforcing seat-belt and child restraint use
Enforcing alcohol impairment laws
The role of education, information and publicity
5. Delivering post-crash care:
Chain of help for injured people
Pre-hospital care
The hospital setting
Rehabilitation
Taking Action for Road Safety
What Governments can do
Institutional Development:
Make road safety a political priority
Appoint a lead agency for road safety, give it
resources and make it accountable
Set appropriate road safety targets and establish
national road safety plans
Develop mechanisms that promote a multi
disciplinary approach to road safety
Support the development of safety advocacy
groups
Cont
Cont
Taking Action for Road Safety
What Governments can do
Policy Legislation and Enforcement:
Ensure the road safety is viewed to be a serious
political issue
Set and enforce strong and uniform vehicle
safety standards
Enact and enforce legislation requiring the use
of seat-belts and motorcycle helmets, speed
limits and control of alcohol impaired driving
Enforce safety laws already in existence
Cont
Taking Action for Road Safety
What Governments can do