Maulana Azad National Institute

of Technology, Bhopal
Department of Energy
MICROGRID AND ITS CONTROL

Ph D Seminar-I
by
Mrs. ANULA KHARE
Scholar NO. 083113201
under guidance of
DR. SAROJ RANGNEKAR
 Outline
Concept and architecture of micro
grid
Modes of operation
Control strategy
Literature review
References
 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A MICROGRID ?
Conceptual Micro grid
BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF
MICRO GRID
Group of radial feeders
Point of coupling(pcc)
Micro Grid central
controller (MGCC)
Power electronic-interface-
e.g. rectifier,Inverters.
Micro sources
storage
Critical and non critical
loads
 Power Electronics Interfaced
Micro source

 Storage

It is very much a key to unlock the doors of renewable

energy.
Needed because of inherent intermittency of supply
from renewable sources.
Needed to ensure secure and continuous supply during
off grid and on grid condition.
 TYPES OF STORAGE

Electrochemical energy storage

Battery and super capacitors.
Super conducting magnetic storage.
Kinetic energy (inertia) storage.
Thermal storage.
 ADVANTAGES OF
MICROGRID
Energy efficiency
Minimization of overall energy consumption
Improved environmental impact
Improvement of energy system reliability
Network benefits
Cost efficient electricity infrastructure
replacement
POWER OUTPUT CONTROL
OF MICRO SOURCES

Resembles with electrical power

system speed governors and voltage
regulators replaced by a central
supervisory controller
To keep real and reactive power output
constant : P-Q control
 MODE OF OPERATION
Single master operation (SMO).
Multi master operation (MMO).
Grid connected operation
Stand alone or Islanded mode of
operation.
 SMO
Most of the micro sources connected
to the network with a P-Q control type
and a single VSI inverter is associated
with the storage device- the master
which provides frequency reference.
 MMO
There are several inverters operating
as VSI with a predefined
frequency/active power and
voltage/reactive power droop. Other P-
Q controlled inverters may also co-
exist.
 GRID CONNECTED
Micro grid(MG) connected parallel to main
grid to either draw or supply power to grid.
Should not actively regulate voltage at PCC.
Harmonics and DC current injected to grid
should be below required levels.
Should satisfy all of its load requirements
and contractual obligations with grid.
 ISLANDED OPERATION
Disconnected from main grid due to abnormal
conditions in grid or due to planned switching.
Problem of voltage and frequency management.
Problem of balance between supply and demand
Problem of power quality management
Micro source issues
Communication among MG components.
For multi customer system have to be well
organized concerning contractual issues.
Cooperation Of Micro Source And Storage
Device During Islanding Operation
. Pure droop control.
Inverter mode control.
Primary energy source control.
Autonomous control.
Reverse droop control.
Multi agent based PQ control.
PURE DROOP CONTROL
Micro source controller for
inverter modes control.
Primary Energy Source Control
Reverse droop control
Autonomous Control
 Comparison of above
strategies
Inverter mode ,primary energy source and multi agent
based control approaches guarantee that voltage and
frequency will not vary much from nominal value
hence suitable to drive quality sensitive loads
Pure droop reverse droop and autonomous control are
suitable for loads which can tolerate fluctuations
Choice also depend on micro source,ownership and
storage
 Literature Review
(1) S. Chakraborty, Manoja D. Weiss and Simoes, Distributed Intelligent Energy
Management System for a Single Phase , High frequency AC micro grid, IEEE
transaction on industrial electronics, vol. 54, no.1,Feb.2007

In this paper a single phase high frequency

micro grid is shown as a solution for better
utilization of micro grid. 1- 500 Hz buses are
used to combine renewable sources with loads and
grid.Proposed system utilizes an active filter called
unified power quality conditioner .Also a unified
power flow conditioner is used to control the power
flow from/to grid.

Continued

Both unified power quality conditioner and

unified power flow conditioner consist of
series and shunt active filters that use
instantaneous p-q theory to calculate
compensating voltage and current, which
then are synthesized using pulse width
modulation in voltage source inverter(VSI).
 Optimization of Operating Cost

A distributed integrated energy management

system (DIEMS) has been implemented for
optimization of operating cost. A neural
network is incorporated in DIEMS.
Function of DIEMS is to generate set points
for the sources and storage in such a way that
economically optimized
power dispatch will be maintained to
fulfill certain load demands.
 Salient features of HFAC

. Advantages-easy filtering of harmonics,improved

luminous efficiency,increased flexibility and
reliability of storage,reduction in size of passive
circuit components .
Power transmission and distribution- two significant
factors affect the suitability of transmission is
increased voltage drop and Power loss along the line.
Applications of HFAC-military, aircraft industry,iron
steel industry,light and air conditioning.
(2)Hannu Laaksonen and Kimmo Kauhaniemi, Voltage and Current THD
in micro grid With Different DG Unit and Load Configurations, CIRED
Seminar on Smart Grids for Distribution, Paper No. 0057 , 2008

This paper studies the voltage and current total

harmonic distortion (THD) before and after
islanding in the micro grid with different micro
grid configurations.
Causes caused by nonlinear devices. System
impedance at each harmonic frequency
determines impact of nonlinear load on voltage
distortion, higher order harmonics caused by
converters may resonate with system impedance.
 continue
d
Standards -Various organizations on national and
international level have made standards both for
individual and total harmonic distortion of voltage,
for distributed generator units more tight limits are
defined.
When the micro grid transfers from normal
operation to islanded operation, micro grid is
more sensitive to disturbances, therefore the
effect of different filter types, sizes and switching
frequencies must be carefully examined.
 Solutions suggested

(1) L-C-L filters should be used

(2) Amount of thyristor connected rectifier loads
directly connected to micro grid should be low
(15-20% of total load)
(3) IGBT based converters must be preferred
(4) SVM should be preferred over PWM
(5) Use of negative sequence filtering in control
system of converters is beneficial
 References
[1] John Baker, New technology and possible advances in
energy storage, Energy Policy 36, 4368-4373, 2008.
[2] Peter J. Hall,Euan J. Bain, Energy-storage technologies
and electricity generation, Energy Policy 36, 4352-
4355,2008.
[3] M. Uzunoglu, O.C. Onar and M.S. Alam,modelling
control and simulation of a PV/FC/UC based hybrid power
generation system for stand alone applications,Renewable
energy,doi:10.1016/j.renene,2008.
[4] J. Pecas Lopes, etal,Defining Control Strategies for Micro
Grids islanded operation, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems,
vol.21,PP 616924, 2006
 continue
[5] J. Pecas Lopes, etal,Micro Grid Black start and
d 15th Power Systems
Islanded Operation,
Computation Conference, Belgium,2005.
[6]H. Laaksonen, P. Saari and R.Komulainen,Voltage
and Frequency Control of Inverter Based Weak LV
Network Micro grid,International Conference on
Future Power Systems, 2005..
[7] J. Oyarzabal, etal,Agent-based Micro Grid
Management System,International Conference on
Future Power Systems, 2005
 ...continu
ed
[8] D. Georgakis, etal,Operation of a Prototype Micro
Grid System Based on Micro sources Equipped with
Fast-acting Power Electronics Interfaces, 35th annual
IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference,
Vol.4,2521-2526, 2004.
[9] P. Chiradeja and R. Ram Kumar, An approach to
quantify the technical benefits of distributed
generation,IEEE trans on Energy Conversion, Vol. 19,
No. 4, 764-773, December 2004.
[10] Ph. Strauss and A. Engler,AC coupled pv hybrid
systems and micro grid state of art and future trends,
third world conference on photovoltaic energy
conversion,Japan, May 2003.
THANKYOU