Você está na página 1de 58

Static Pushover Analysis

Performance Based Design


Modeling for Pushover Analysis
Use of the Pushover Curve

M. Iqbal Suharwardy
Computers and Structures, Inc.

Static Pushover Analysis for Seismic Design


March 22, 1999
Performance Check of Structures

Purpose
How will a structure perform when subjected to
a given level of earthquake?

Definition of structural performance


Definition of earthquake level
Determination of performance level
Performance Check of Structures

Process
Recently released guidelines for Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings:
ATC-40
FEMA 273 (ATC-33)
Types of Performance Checks

Linear Static Analysis


Linear Dynamic Analysis
Nonlinear Static Analysis
(Pushover Analysis)
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Performance Check Using Pushover

Expected Performance Point


for given Earthquake
Force Measure

Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)

Deformation Measure

Goal is to predict peak response of building


and components for a given earthquake
Why Do Pushover Analysis?

Design Earthquakes cause nonlinear


behavior
Better understand building behavior
- Identify weak elements
- Realistic prediction of element demands
Less conservative acceptance criteria can be
used with consequences understood
Steps in Performance Check

Construct Pushover curve


Select earthquake level(s) to check
Select performance level(s) to check
Select acceptance criteria for each
performance level
Verify acceptance
Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC-40)
Displacement Coefficient Method (FEMA 273)
Constructing Pushover Curve

Define Structural Model


Elements (components)
Strength - deformation properties
Define Loads
Gravity
Lateral load pattern
Select Control Displacements or Drifts
Perform Pushover Analysis
Pushover Modeling

Definition of Structural Model


3D or 2D
Primary and Secondary Elements (components)
Non structural Elements
Foundation flexibility
P-Delta effects
Pushover Modeling (Elements)

Types
Truss - yielding and buckling
3D Beam - major direction flexural and shear hinging
3D Column - P-M-M interaction and shear hinging
Panel zone - Shear yielding
In-fill panel - Shear failure
Shear wall - P-M-Shear interaction!
Spring - for foundation modeling
Pushover Modeling (Properties)

Force-Deformation Relationship

C
B
Force

D E
A

Deformation
Pushover Modeling (Properties)

Force-Deformation (Back bone Curve)

Force

Deformation
Pushover Modeling (Beam Element)

Three dimensional Beam Element

Flexible Span Loads


Connection Shear Hinge

Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone


Pushover Modeling (Column Element)

Three dimensional Column Element

Shear Hinge

Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone


Pushover Modeling (Column Element)

Axial Load - Moment Interaction (Concrete)


P

M
Pushover Modeling (Column Element)

Axial Load - Moment Interaction (Steel)

M CE 1.18 Z Fye 1 P / Pye


Pushover Modeling (Loads)

Start with Gravity Loads


Dead Load
Some portion of Live Load

Select Lateral Load Pattern


Lateral Load Patterns (Vertical Distribution)
Lateral Load Horizontal Distribution
Torsional Effects
Orthogonal Effects
Pushover Modeling (Loads)

Lateral Load Patterns (Vertical Distribution)

Uniform Code Lateral Mode 1


Pushover Analysis (Control)

Force controlled analysis

Deformation controlled analysis


Roof Displacement
Generalized Displacement Definitions

Limit of analysis
Instability - loss of gravity load carrying capacity
Excessive distortions
Pushover Analysis (Solution Schemes)

Event by Event Strategies


Manual
Newton-Raphson Type Strategies
Constant stiffness iterations
Tangent stiffness iterations
Problem of degradation of strength
Ritz Modes (Reduced Space) Strategies
Pushover Analysis (Solution Schemes)

Event by Event Strategy


Base Shear

Roof Displacement
Pushover Analysis (Solution Schemes)

Problem of Degradation of Strength


Base Shear

Roof Displacement
Pushover Analysis (Results)

Force Measure

Deformation Measure
Pushover Analysis (Results)
Use of Pushover Curve

Capacity Spectrum Method


- detailed in ATC-40
- and as alternate method in FEMA-273
Displacement Coefficient Method
- detailed in FEMA-273
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Construct Capacity Spectrum


Estimate Equivalent Damping
Determine Demand Spectrum
Determine Performance Point
Verify Acceptance
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Constructing Capacity Spectrum

Spectral Acceleration
Base Shear

Roof Displacement Spectral Displacement


Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Constructing Capacity Spectrum


The displaced shape at any point
on the pushover curve is used to
obtain an equivalent SDOF
system.
a is the mass participation and
relates the base shears
PF is the participation factor and
relates the roof displacement to
MDOF Equivalent SDOF the SDOF displacement
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Constructing Capacity Spectrum

S a V / W / a1
Acceleration
Spectral


S d roof / PF1 * 1 ,roof
Spectral Displacement
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Estimation of Equivalent Viscous Damping

eq 0 0.05
Acceleration
Spectral

0 (1 / 4 ) * ( E D / Eso )
factor
Spectral Displacement
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Estimation of Equivalent Damping

Acceleration
Spectral

Eso

Ed Spectral Displacement
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Response Spectrum (5% damping)

2.5CA
Acceleration

CV/T
Spectral

Time Period
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Response Spectrum (5% damping)

CA and CV depend on:


- Seismic zone (0.075 to 0.4)
- Nearness to fault and source type (1 to 2)
- Soil Type (1 to 2.5)
- Level of Earthquake (0.5 to 1.5)
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Reduced Spectrum (Effective damping)


Acceleration

2.5CA/Bs
Spectral

CV/(T BL)

Time Period
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum

T0
Sd = SaT2/42

Acceleration
Acceleration

Spectral
Spectral

T0

Time Period Spectral Displacement


Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Performance Point
Demand Spectrum for effective
damping at performance point
Acceleration
Spectral

Capacity Spectrum

Spectral Displacement
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Spectral Acceleration Performance Point

Spectral Displacement
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Verification of Acceptance
Expected Performance Point
for given Earthquake
Force Measure

Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)

Deformation Measure
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)
(Displacement Coefficient Method)

Estimate Target Displacement


Verify Acceptance
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

Estimation of Target Displacement

Estimate effective elastic stiffness, Ke


Estimate post yield stiffness, Ks
Estimate effective fundamental period, Te
Calculate target roof displacement as

C0 C1 C2 C3 S a Te2
/(4 ) 2
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

Estimation of Target Displacement

C0 Relates spectral to roof displacement


C1 Modifier for inelastic displacement
C2 Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
C3 Modifier for second order effects
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)

Estimation of Effective Elastic Period, Te


Vy aKe = Ks
Base Shear

.6Vy Estimate Te using Ke


Estimate Elastic Spectral Displacement
Ke
S a Te2
/(4 ) 2

Roof Displacement
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

Calculation of C0
Relates spectral to roof displacement
- use modal participation factor for control
node from first mode
- or use modal participation factor for
control node from deflected shape at the
target displacement
- or use tables based on number of
stories and varies from 1 to 1.5
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

Calculation of C1
Modifier for inelastic displacement
C1 = [1 +(R-1)T0/Te]/R
Acceleration

R is elastic strength
Spectral

C1 = 1 demand to yield
strength
T0

Time Period
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

Calculation of C2
Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
- from Tables
- depends on Framing Type
(degrading strength)
- depends on Performance Level
- depends on Effective Period
- varies from 1.0 to 1.5
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

Calculation of C3
Modifier for dynamic second order effects

C3 = 1 if post yield slope, a is positive


else
C3 = 1 +[ |a|(R-1)3/2 ]/Te
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)

Verification of Acceptance
Target Displacement (or
corresponding deformation)
for given Earthquake
Force Measure

Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)

Deformation Measure
Use of Pushover Curve

Do these methods work?


Comparisons with:
- Nonlinear time history analysis
- Single degree of freedom systems
- Multi-degree of freedom systems
- Observed damage
How do they compare with each other?
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

SAP2000 released September, 1998


Full 3D implementation
Single model for
- linear static analysis
- linear response spectrum analysis
- linear time history analysis
- nonlinear time history analysis
- nonlinear static pushover analysis
- steel and concrete design
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

Generally follows ATC-40 & FEMA 273


Available Pushover Element Types
- 3D truss (axial hinge)
- 3D beam (moment and shear hinges)
- 3D column (P-M-M and shear hinges)
- Shells, Solids, etc. considered linear
- Panel zone (later)
- 3D column (Fiber hinge) (later)
- Shear wall (plasticity model) (later)
- Nonlinear springs (later)
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

Force-Deformation Relationship
C D
B
Force

E F
A
Deformation
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

Three dimensional Beam Element

Flexible Span Loads


Connection Shear Hinge

Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone


SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

Strength - deformation and P-M-M curves


can be calculated by program for:

- steel beams (FEMA 273)


- steel columns (FEMA 273)
- shear hinges in EBF Links (FEMA 273)

- concrete beams (ATC-40)


- concrete columns (ATC-40)
- shear hinges in coupling beams (ATC-40)
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

Gravity Load Analysis


- Nodal Loads
- Element Loads
- Load controlled Analysis

Pushover analysis
- Starts from gravity loads
- Nodal Load Patterns (user, modal, mass)
- Multi-step Displacement or Drift controlled
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

Available Results for each step of loading


- Base Shear
- Element Forces
- Section Forces
- Joint Displacements
- Drifts
- Element Hinge Deformations
- Limit Points (acceptance criteria) reached
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

Pushover Curve Postprocessing (ATC-40)


- Conversion to Capacity Spectrum
- Calculation of Effective Period (per step)
- Calculation of Effective Damping (per step)
- Calculation of Demand Spectrum (per step)
- Location of Performance Point
- Limit Points (acceptance criteria) reached
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options

Visual Display for each step


- Deformed Shape
- Member Force Diagrams
- Hinge Locations and Stages

Graphs
- Base Shear vs Roof Displacement
- Capacity Curve
- Demand Curve
- Demand Spectra at different dampings
- Effective period lines

Você também pode gostar