Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Jul-Dec 2006
Instructor: Dr. S. Ramanathan
Office: CHL 210
Email: srinivar@iitm.ac.in
Class Notes: http://www.che.iitm.ac.in/~srinivar
Overview
Background & Motivation
Course Syllabus
What will be covered and what will not be
Examples
Goals & Pre-requisites
Evaluation
Tentative Schedule
Text Books / References
Transport Phenomena
Heat
Design
Troubleshooting
Dynamics:
Mass Balance
Momentum Balance (Linear & Angular)
Energy Balance
Frictional losses
Boundary layer theory
Flow past/through
No.
Section Focus Area
Classes
1 Statics 1
2 Conservation of Mass 1
3 Conservation of momentum - linear 3
4 Conservation of Energy (no friction) 2
5 Friction (Shear Stress) & models 4
6 Navier Stokes eqn 7 Quiz-1
7 Dimensional Analysis 3
8 Stream Lines 2
9 Inviscid flow 2
10 Viscous flow & BL theory, Drag on particles 7 Quiz-2
11 Turbulence 2
12 pipe flow (with friction factors) 4
13 Fixed bed & Fluidized beds 2
14 Pumps and Turbines 1
Pressure vs Distance
Consider only gravity effects
ie. Ignore electromagnetic, chemical (eg.osmosis) and other forces
dp
g
dz
P bottom = Po +gh
P g z
Application: Manometer
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Statics Approx air temp vs
height
Variable Density
eg Gases 80
PV n R T
n P Height
(km) 50
V RT
10
dp g
dz
p RT -120 -60 0
Temp (C)
Hg
PA-PB = 2 * g * h2 - 1 * g * h2
0e
Pbm 2.22
z 21136 atm
kg
0 1027 3
m
dp
g
dz Practical depth for a suited
diver is ~ 180 m
P Patm P z
What is the error in assuming
e dp 0 g dz
density is constant?
Patm 0
To Float : MAX
dp
a
dz
dp
gF
dz
dp
r
2
r
dr
a
P2 r2 z2 h1
r dr g dz
2
dp
P1 r1 z1
2
P2 P1
2
r 2
2
r12 g Z 2 Z1
Z h1
r 2 Equation of free surface
2g
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Conservation of Mass
In any control volume
Mass flux in - mass flux out = Mass accumulation rate.
If (mass in) is taken as -ve, then
Accumulation rate + Flux(out -in) =0
S
Pbm. 4.8 A1
V2,a2
A2
V1,a1
V1 (t) A1 = V2 (t) A2
a1A1 = a2A2
Vout x
Vside
s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0 2 L
dA 2R dx
AVin AVout VsidedA 0 VoutR
L
Side
SideVsidedA L 0 xdx
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Examples
Pbm. 4.11
X Y
M 2 AX 1 AY 2 V2 Vw 1
V1
V . n dA AV
s
1 1 2 AV2
t Vol
d (Vol ) 2 AVw 1 AVw
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Examples M 2 AX 1 AY
dx dy
Pbm. 4.11 Vw
X Y dt dt
2 V2 Vw 1
V1
s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0
V . n dA AV
s
1 w V1 2 AVw V2
d VA 0
s
VA Const
d VA d dV dA
0
VA V A
Compressible gas, energy balance
dV 1 dA
ideal gas law
V 1 Ma 2 A
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Examples r
Pbm. 4.12
1 R
r 7
V Vmax 1
R
R
1 x 1 1 x
1
1
n 1 n 1
1 x xdx x
n
dx
0
n 1 0 0 n 1
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Examples
Pbm. 4.15
Steady flow
V0 liquid film thickness is h
Y h width into the paper is W
2 y y2
Vx V0 2
X h h
h
Q Vx dA dA W dy h
2 y y2
0
Q WV0 2 dy
0
h h
2L s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0
Y direction Mass Flux Accmln rate
0
Consider unit depth for control Vol
Mass Flux Out In
Mass in Control Vol 2L b
db
Rate of change of Mass 2 L 2LV
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005 dt
Examples Velocity of outgoing fluid = V(y)
Pbm. 4.14
Mass Flux V
side
( y) dA
V b
2 V( y ) dy
0
b
For a flat profile, V(y) = constant, say Vavg
Vavg
L
V
2L b
Y direction For a parabolic profile, y y2
V( y ) 4Vmax 2
V( y ) y y 2 b b
Pbm. 4.13
Vx =V0 V0
0 Height=6d
d
V0
Vx =V0 V0
V . n dA
s
t Vol
d (Vol ) 0 Area per unit " depth" 6d
Mass Flux
3d
y
6d V0 2 V0 dy Mass Out Horizontal 0
0
3d
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005