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Momentum Transfer

Jul-Dec 2006
Instructor: Dr. S. Ramanathan
Office: CHL 210
Email: srinivar@iitm.ac.in
Class Notes: http://www.che.iitm.ac.in/~srinivar
Overview
Background & Motivation
Course Syllabus
What will be covered and what will not be
Examples
Goals & Pre-requisites
Evaluation
Tentative Schedule
Text Books / References

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Chemical Engineering

Transport Phenomena

Reaction Kinetics Momentum Mass

Heat

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Background :
Most of the momentum transfer equations are similar to heat and
mass transfers

Momentum transfer: Focus is on fluids

Heat and Mass Transfer: Also include solid

Heat Transfer: Radiation (no corresponding phenomena in


momentum and mass transfer)

Similarities in problems will be discussed as appropriate

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Motivation
Momentum Transfer: Fluid Mechanics

Understanding Lab Results

Design

Manufacturing (Production/ Maintenance)

Troubleshooting

To do these things, how much do I have to know

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Course Syllabus:
What will be covered? And to what extent?
Fundamentals (ideal cases)
Some applications (more realistic, but not very)
Most real-life issues, ==> kinetics & heat/mass/momentum transfer
together
Analytical solutions not possible in many cases
What will not be covered?
Compressible , supersonic flows
Only limited exposure to non-newtonian fluids
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
limited exposure to Perturbation methods
...and so on

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Course Syllabus:
Statics:
To refresh the basics

Dynamics:

Mass Balance
Momentum Balance (Linear & Angular)
Energy Balance
Frictional losses
Boundary layer theory
Flow past/through

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples
Pumps, Turbines
Heat Exchangers, Distillation column
Fluidized or Fixed bed reactors
CVD reactors (micro electronics)
Artificial blood vessels (Bio)

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples
Production of Sulfuric Acid S O2 SO2
used in fertilizers, car batteries etc
2SO2 O2
Catalyst
2SO3
H 2O SO3 H 2 SO4

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples
Monsanto Process
Pump air (N2+O2) and burn Sulfur
Provide large area of catalyst
Scrub with water
Store the sulfuric acid

For a given production (ton per day),


What is the pump capacity needed?
Design and operation of reactor
How to measure the flow rate?
What if something goes wrong? How to detect it and how to
respond? (Detection of leak through chemical sensor, pressure sensor
etc)
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Goals:
Understanding and approaching problems which involve Momentum Transfer
==> Pumps, flow through pipes
==> Separation (filtration, adsorption etc)
More emphasize on application and less on proof

Also prepare for future courses


Momentum Transfer Lab
Transport phenomena

Calculus (PDE), Complex Variables


Little bit of programming
Final Exam - 40
Quizzes - 2 * 20 = 40
and Project/Assignment -20
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Tentative Schedule

No.
Section Focus Area
Classes
1 Statics 1
2 Conservation of Mass 1
3 Conservation of momentum - linear 3
4 Conservation of Energy (no friction) 2
5 Friction (Shear Stress) & models 4
6 Navier Stokes eqn 7 Quiz-1
7 Dimensional Analysis 3
8 Stream Lines 2
9 Inviscid flow 2
10 Viscous flow & BL theory, Drag on particles 7 Quiz-2
11 Turbulence 2
12 pipe flow (with friction factors) 4
13 Fixed bed & Fluidized beds 2
14 Pumps and Turbines 1

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Text Books / References
Class Notes / Slides
Slides will be on the internal server

Text: Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer by


Welty, Wicks , Wilson & Rorrer (4th edition) John Wiley & Sons

Reference: Transport Phenomena by Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot,


edition, McGraw Hill
Fluid Mechanics and its applications by Gupta & Gupta
Other sources referenced will be mentioned in the class

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Statics

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Statics
Fluid: changes shape continuously when a tangential force is applied
Pressure at any point in a stationary fluid is same in all directions

Pressure vs Distance
Consider only gravity effects
ie. Ignore electromagnetic, chemical (eg.osmosis) and other forces

dp
g
dz

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Statics
Constant Density
(eg Liquids) Po = atm

P bottom = Po +gh

P g z
Application: Manometer
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Statics Approx air temp vs
height
Variable Density
eg Gases 80

PV n R T
n P Height
(km) 50
V RT
10
dp g
dz
p RT -120 -60 0
Temp (C)

Fig from Introduction to Fluid Mechanics by Fox & McDonald, page 53


IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Example
Pbm. 2.13 Mercury = 13,600 kg/m3
B
PA-PB=?
10 cm
A B
Water PB-PB= 1 * g * h1
25 cm

Hg
PA-PB = 2 * g * h2 - 1 * g * h2

Actually used for flow rate measurement

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Example P Patm

0e
Pbm 2.22
z 21136 atm
kg
0 1027 3
m
dp
g
dz Practical depth for a suited
diver is ~ 180 m
P Patm P z
What is the error in assuming

e dp 0 g dz
density is constant?
Patm 0

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Example
Coin on water: Surface Tension
F
d2
Weight

h g

4
F Y d sin

Contact Angle MAX


Indication of force between liquid-metal vs
liquid/liquid

To Float : MAX

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Statics
Acceleration due to other forces
eg centrifuge, accelerating vehicle
In centrifuge, usually g is negligible compared to a
Otherwise use vector algebra to add g and a

dp
a
dz
dp
gF
dz

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Example: Centrifuge

dp
r
2
r
dr
a

To separate materials based on density difference


in case gravity is insufficient (for reasonable separation)
Acceleration expressed as N times g
Typically acceleration >> g
Ignore gravity effects

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Example: Slow rotation
For lesser acceleration
dp r dr g dz 2

P2 r2 z2 h1
r dr g dz
2
dp
P1 r1 z1

2
P2 P1
2
r 2
2

r12 g Z 2 Z1

At z=h1, r=0, P = Patm


On the surface, P = Patm

Z h1
r 2 Equation of free surface
2g
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Conservation of Mass
In any control volume
Mass flux in - mass flux out = Mass accumulation rate.
If (mass in) is taken as -ve, then
Accumulation rate + Flux(out -in) =0
S

Mass Flux Out In V . n dA Vol


s V-velocity
n-normal vector

Mass Accumulation Rate t d (Vol )


Vol

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Conservation of Mass

s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0

Reynolds Theorem (generalization)


For a property B (Mass, for example)
and corresponding b (per unit mass)
dA A A dx A dy A dz

dt t x dt y dt z dt

b V . n dA b d (Vol )
DB
Dt s
t Vol
Rate of change (system) = Flux+ Accumulation

See Transport Phenomena, by Bird Stewart Lightfoot for an analogy


IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Reynolds Transport Thm
B = Mass
==> b =1
DB/Dt =0; Eqn of Conservation of Mass
B = Momentum
==> b = velocity
Momentum Eqn
B = Angular Momentum
==> b = r x v (Angular Momentum Eqn)
etc..

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Mass conservation

Simplifications
s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0
Steady State : (gas or liquid)
d/dt =0
Mass in = Mass out
For liquids (Volume in = Volume out)
Constant density & fixed control Volume:
d/dt (V) =0
Volume in = Volume out
True even for unsteady state

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples
Pbm. 4.8, 4.5, 4.12, 4.18, 4.11,4.9 4.15, 4.20, 4.22, 4.21, 4.24

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples
Pbm. 4.18, steady state
V V2
d1 = d2 = 2 cm 1 V3
Q1 = 0.0013 m3/s
V2 = 2.1 m/s
A3 = 100 * ( 1e-3*1e-3/4)
There are 100 holes of 1 mm dia in the shower
A1V1 A2V2 A3V3 0

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples

Pbm. 4.8 A1
V2,a2

A2
V1,a1

Area =A, Velocity =V, Acclrn = a. Find V2,


A2

V1 (t) A1 = V2 (t) A2

a1A1 = a2A2

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples
Pbm. 4.5, steady state
V/2 m/s

6 m/s 0.5 m Long, 0.1 m R V m/s

Vout x
Vside
s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0 2 L

dA 2R dx
AVin AVout VsidedA 0 VoutR
L
Side
SideVsidedA L 0 xdx
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Examples
Pbm. 4.11
X Y

M 2 AX 1 AY 2 V2 Vw 1
V1

Consider stationary control volume



s V . n dA t
dx dy d (Vol ) 0
Vw
dt dt Vol

V . n dA AV
s
1 1 2 AV2


t Vol
d (Vol ) 2 AVw 1 AVw
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Examples M 2 AX 1 AY
dx dy
Pbm. 4.11 Vw
X Y dt dt
2 V2 Vw 1
V1


s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0

Consider control volume moving @ Vw

V . n dA AV
s
1 w V1 2 AVw V2

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples
Pbm. 4.9, one dimension, steady flow d dV dA
0
V A
s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0

d VA 0
s
VA Const

d VA d dV dA
0
VA V A
Compressible gas, energy balance
dV 1 dA
ideal gas law
V 1 Ma 2 A
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Examples r
Pbm. 4.12

1 R
r 7
V Vmax 1
R
R

VAverage ? FlowRate V 2rdr * Area *VAverage


0
1
r
R
r 7
n 1 ;x Vmax 2 1 rdr
7
0
R R

1 x 1 1 x
1
1
n 1 n 1

1 x xdx x
n
dx
0
n 1 0 0 n 1
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Examples
Pbm. 4.15
Steady flow
V0 liquid film thickness is h
Y h width into the paper is W

2 y y2
Vx V0 2
X h h
h
Q Vx dA dA W dy h
2 y y2
0
Q WV0 2 dy
0
h h

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples Constant Velocity V
Pbm. 4.14 Varying thickness b
Infinitely long plate (in one direction)
V Exit velocity is (a) flat or (b)
parabolic
b


2L s V . n dA t
Vol
d (Vol ) 0
Y direction Mass Flux Accmln rate
0
Consider unit depth for control Vol
Mass Flux Out In
Mass in Control Vol 2L b
db
Rate of change of Mass 2 L 2LV
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005 dt
Examples Velocity of outgoing fluid = V(y)

Pbm. 4.14
Mass Flux V
side
( y) dA
V b
2 V( y ) dy
0
b
For a flat profile, V(y) = constant, say Vavg
Vavg
L
V
2L b
Y direction For a parabolic profile, y y2
V( y ) 4Vmax 2
V( y ) y y 2 b b

V(0) V(b) 0,Vmax Vb


2

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005


Examples d1= 2cm, d2=0.8 mm
Pbm. 4.21
1g
3
Q6 cm
s cm3
d2
d1
V

How fast should the plunger move s V . n dA
t Vol
d (Vol ) 0
(ie find V) Mass Flux Accmln rate
(a) if there is no leakage
(b) if leakage between tube and plunger is 10% of needle flow
0
Mass Flux Out In Mass Accumulation Rate A1V
cm3 g g
6 1 3 6 Leakage
s cm s
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Qn: What is the flow rate across the
Examples Horizontal surface?

Pbm. 4.13
Vx =V0 V0

0 Height=6d
d
V0
Vx =V0 V0


V . n dA
s

t Vol
d (Vol ) 0 Area per unit " depth" 6d

Mass Flux
3d
y
6d V0 2 V0 dy Mass Out Horizontal 0
0
3d
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

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