BOD Staphylococcus aureus

Staph infections, food

poisoning
Gram positive cocci
Pimples, impetigo,
pneumonia,carditis,
meningitis, osteomyletis,
blood infections, MRSA
Extracellular enzymes
(toxins)-hemolysins,
coagulase, additional
virulence factors
Toxic shock syndrome
#1 nosocominal infection
Epidemiology
 Epidemiology
A largely a statistical science
Study occurrences
Distribution
Disease control
Try and identify origin; necessary to contain
When is something recognizable as an problem?

Example first Legionella outbreak

 Nomenclature
Endemic disease-Coccidomycosis, desert
southwest

Epidemic Disease-Regional measles outbreaks,

new Tuberculosis strains, Typhus

Pandemic Disease-SARS, Avian influenza, 1918

influenza, 1500s and Bubonic plague
 Prevalence-% diseased persons/time
Incidences-# cases in a population
Carriers-individuals with the organism,
infectious w/o clinical symptoms
Mortality-Incidences of deaths in a
population
Morbidity-Incidence of disease (fatal & non
fatal) in a population
 Worldwide Deaths form Infectious
disease (2000)
Acute Respiratory infections- 4 million*
AIDS-2.7 million
Diarrheal Disease- 2.2 million^
Tuberculosis-1.7 million*
Malaria-1.1 million(*?)
Measles-0.9 million*
Tetanus 0.4 million*
Pertussis 0.3 million*
Meningitis-0.2 million*
Syphilis- 0.2 million^
Hepatitis-0.1 million*
* vaccines exist ^easy treatable
 Annual Annual
mortality infection
2008 Disease rate rate
1. Lower respiratory 4 million
infections

2. HIV/AIDS 3 million 39.4 million1

3. Malaria 15 million 300515 million

4. Diarrhea 2.2 million 4 billion

5. Tuberculosis 2 million 8 million

6. Measles 530,000 30 million

7. Whooping cough 200,000300,000 2040 million

8. Tetanus 214,000 500,000

9. Meningitis 174,000 1 million +

10. Syphilis 157,000 12.2 million1

Infectious and parasitic diseases world
map -
Identification of reservoirs
Saprophytic- Clostridium
tetani, Blastomycosis,
Legionella
Living organisms
Person to person, Human
viruses, Tuberculosis,
Leprosy, Salmonella
Zoonosis, Malaria, Rabies,
Giardiasis, Typhus
 Carriers
Acute-proceeding the on set of the
symptoms, short term i.e. measles, cold,
influenza

Chronic-appear healthy, long term carriers

Typhoid Mary (Common source epidemic)
Methods of transmission
Fomites- Pathogenic
bacteria attached to
inanimate surfaces
Some
viruses/bacteria can
remain infectious for
days
Nosocominal-hospital
acquired infections
 Direct Host to Host Transmission
Most common Respiratory-cold,
tuberculosis, influenza
Sexual contact
Intravenous drug usage
Blood transfusions
Direct body contact, self inoculation (eyes,
nose)
The sneeze
Millions of water
droplets, 10-100
micrometers diameter
200mpr
Can remain suspended
in the air for hours
major means of disease
transmission
Indirect Host to Host Transmission
Vector driven-arthropods and vertebrates
Arthropods may simply transmit (West Nile
Virus) or may contain part of the life cycle
(Malaria).
 Common-Source Epidemic
A contaminated course
infects a large number
persons
Example water
contamination and
Cholera outbreaks
Usually have a high spike
in incidences of disease
followed by a rapid
decrease
Graph
 Host to Host epidemic
Often last a longer time, Slow to become
epidemic
Are more likely to become pandemics
than common-source
Graph
Incidence of a disease can point to
a source
West Nile-mostly Summer
Influenza-Winter
Staph and Salmonella food poisoning-Fall,
Spring, Summer
Graph
 Community infection
Coevolution of Host and Pathogen
Salmonella and Humans
Myxoma virus and Rabbits
Bubonic plague and Humans (European
ancestry)
Herd Immunity
Vaccinations and Polio
 HIV Epidemic
How it first got into human populations.
How did it first get to the US
What populations did it first strike in the
US-why did it spread so fast
What has moderated the growth of US
cases
What is the current status of HIV in the US
What is the status of HIV globally?
HIVs Spread through Africa