Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
From
suppression
Balance of of wrongdoing
power to peaceful
settlement of
disputes
Sovereignty
From unlimited to the just war
The unlimited right to go to war was finally
replaced by some restrictions of the state to go to
war.
The restriction so developed was that of jus ad
bellum.
This was the concept of just war which
contained principles of permissible cause of war.
But the just war concept remained undefined.
The League of Nations, 1919
The topics of war, force, self-help moved from the
closed territory of sovereignty to the control of
organized world community under international
institutions.
Thus, limitations were placed to a right to go to
war.
But no sweeping prohibition was imposed on the
right to go to war.
The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
It was also known as the Treaty for the Renunciation of War
of 1928.
Members
Peaceful condemned recourse
settlement of to war for solution of
disputes international
controversies
What could the League & the Pact
not achieve??
Steps short
Force
of war
Questions Only
of their understood in
legitimacy terms of war
Force used
Remained during undeclared
unattended wartime remained
unattended
The United Nations Charter
Art.2 para. 4 of the Charter declares that:
breach or
threat of acts of
breach of aggression
peace
General Purpose of the UN Charter
Article 1 lays down the goals and purposes of the
UN Charter.
A proposal to add
Preparatory and from the threat
Work of or use of economic
the UN measures after the
Charter word threat or use of
force was rejected.
Principles of Interpretations
Art.31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties
Whether amounting
to war or not
Necessarily means
Armed Force
Therefore, Force
or threat of force
Threat of Force
What is Threat??
The word threat has not been defined.
The Concept
Envisages
Where an armed
attack deprives a Brings one state
under the political
state whole or control of another
part of its
one
territory
Integrity Inviolability
Integrity Inviolability
Annexation or UKs argument in Corfu
permanent control Channel Case
Retorsion
Reprisals
Self defense
(i) Retorsion
Retorsion is the adoption by one state of an
unfriendly and harmful act, which is nevertheless
lawful, as a method of retaliation against the
injurious legal activities of another state.
Severance
of
Expulsion diplomatic
relations
of aliens
Economic
& travel
restrictions
Pre-Charter era
No moment
Instant for
An Act deliberation
of Self
Defense
Further.
They did nothing unreasonable or
The United excessive, since the act, justified by the
necessity of self defense, must be
States limited by that necessity.
Territorial Integrity
Sovereignty
Self-
Preservation
The Caroline ideology
Necessity
Legitimate
self
defense
A Brief History
Self-defence was used to justify use of force
The Pre- against armed attack or apprehended attack
and necessity for enforcing legal right.
League era It was equated with self-help.
Obligations not to
Opinio
recognize territorial juris
acquisitions obtained
by force
2.) Rights of parties in self-defense in
armed conflict
Prohibition of use of force allows for certain
exceptions
Armed
Victim of the armed
Bands
attack which must
form and declare the Such assistance may
view that it has been amount to intervention
attacked in the internal as well
as external affairs of
the state
Armed Groups,
irregulars or
bands mercenaries
Therefore.armed attack has two faces
Action of self-defense must be
immediately reported
Art.51 requires that measures taken by States in exercise
of self defense must be immediately reported to the
Security Council
Collective
Self
Defense
Requirement
of request by
the victim
state of help
3.) Principle of Non-Intervention
The principle of non-intervention involves the right
of every sovereign state to conduct its affairs
without outside interference.
For the principle of non-intervention there remain
two questions: -
(i) What is the exact content & scope of this
principle?
(ii) Is the practice sufficiently in conformity with it for
this to be a rule of customary international law
Intervention is wrongful when used in
coercion
Can Intervention lead to counter-
measures by a third state??
Intervention is almost analogous to use
of force, however minus armed attack.
Intervention Collective
not involving armed
armed attack response
Therefore, appreciating in the light of
facts of this case
Laying of Violation of the
mines in
Nicaraguan Prohibition of Use of
waters Force
Attacks in
Nicaraguan Clear Violation of the
ports, oil Prohibition of Use of
installations & Force
naval base
Right of Collective self defense
presupposes
Victim
Armed Collective
state
Attack has self
requests
occurred defense
for help
An essential feature of
Factual Evidence Humanitarian Aid
US govt. financial year, 1984-85, To prevent and alleviate
the Congress appropriated the human suffering & protect life
funds and health