Material science

TI -107

Polymer
Roland Silitonga
Introduction
Mostoftheorganicsubstances found in
living matter, such as protein, wood,
chitin, rubber, and resins, are polymers.
Introduction
Natural material:
Wood.
Rubber.
Cotton.
Wool.
Leather.
Silk.
Introduction
Other natural polymers:
Proteins.
Enzymes,
Cellulose,
Starches.
Introduction
Many synthetic materials, such as
plastics, fibers (; Rayon), adhesives,
glass, and porcelain, to a large extent
are also polymeric substances.
Introduction
Modern material:
Synthetic Polymers.
Plastics.
Introduction
Polymer are organic origin.
Many organic materials are
Hydrocarbons, composed from:
Hydrogen
Carbon
Bonds in covalent bonding.
Introduction
Single covalent bonding, CH4 (Metana)
Hydrocarbon Molecules
Compositions & Molecular Structure, see
table 14.1
Polymer Molecules
This molecules are gigantic in compare to
the hydrocarbon molecules.
The long molecules are composed of
structural entities called mer units.
Mer originated from Greek means part.
Polymer means many mers
Polymer Molecules
Most polymer are in the long form and
flexible chains.
The backbone of each chain is a string of
carbon atoms.

-CCCC-C-
Polymer Molecules
The list of Mer Structure are:
Poly-Ethylene (PE),
Poly-Vinyl-Chloride (PVC),
Poly-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene (PTFE),
Poly-Propylene (PP),
Poly-Styrene (PS),
Poly-Methyl-Metha-Crylate (PMMA),
Polymer Molecules
The list of Mer Structure are:
Phenol- Formaldehide (Bakelite),
Poly-hexa-methylene adipamide (nylon
6,6)
Poly-Ethylene-Terephthalane (PET, a
polyester),
Polycarbonate.
Polymer Types
There are many different Polymeric
Materials, include:
Plastic
Elastomer (Rubber),
Fibers,
Coatings,
Adhesive, Foam, Films.
Classification to elevated
temp.
Polymer classification to elevated
temperature:
Thermoplastic.
Thermosetting.
Thermoplastic Polymers
Thermoplastic softens when heated and
harden when cooled.
This process are totally reversible and
may be repeated.
Thermoplastic material are relative soft.
Thermosetting Polymers
Irreversible degradation result when the
temperature of a molten material is
raised.
Thermosetting material become
permanently hard when heat is applied
and do not soften upon heating.
Mechanical Characteristic
Stress-Strain Behavior
For the most part are highly sensitive
to the rate of deformation (strain-
rate),
The temperature and the chemical
nature of the environment.
Mechanical Characteristic
Stress-Strain Behavior
See figure 15.1, the strain-stress
behavior.
Stress-Strain Behavior
See Table 15.1, tensile strength, yield
strength.
Mechanical Characteristic
Impact Strength
Izod & Charpy test may conducted.
Some polymer are brittle at low
temperature
Low impact strength.
Mechanical Characteristic
Fatigue
Polymers may experience fatigue
failure under condition of cyclic
loading.
Fatigue occurs at stress level that are
low to the yield strength.
See fig 15.11
Mechanical Characteristic
Hardness
The resistance to scratching, penetration.
The tests are conducted by Rockwell
penetration techniques.
Tear Strength and Hardness
Important property of some plastic,
especially those used for thin film in
packaging
Plastic
They have variety of combination of
properties.
Some plastic are very rigid and brittle,
other are flexible.
Plastic
Plastic material, may be either:
Thermoplastic,
Thermosetting.
Those are the response of a polymer to
mechanical forces at elevated temperature.
Trade Names, Characteristic and Typical
Application for Number of Plastic Materials,
see table 15.3
Plastic (thermoplastic)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Garden Equipment,
Styrene (ABS) Toys, Safety Devices

Acrylics Lenses, transparent

enclosure, ruler.

PTFE Chemical pipe & valve

Nylons Clothes
Plastic (thermoplastic)
Polycarbonates Safety Helmets,
photographic films.

Polyethylene Flexible bottle, ice tray.

Polypropylene TV Cabinets.

Polystyrene Wall tile, appliance

housing.
Plastic (thermoplastic)
Vinyl (PVC) Pipe, electrical
insulation

Polyester (PET or PETE) Clothing, tire cord.

Plastic (thermosetting)
Epoxies Electrical Molding,
composites lamination

Phenolics Telephone casing

Polyester Helmets, auto body,

chairs, fans
Elastomer
Rubber like elasticity!
Rubber is natural material, now are found
synthetic Elastomer.
Elastomer
Natural Poly-isoprene Pneumatic tires and
(natural rubber) tubes
Styrene-butadiene Same as natural rubber
copolymer
Acrylonitrile-butadiene- Gasoline, chemical and
copolymer oil hose
Chloroprene Tank linings, belts,
hoses
Polysiloxane Temperature insulation
Elastomer
Hose elastomer does
not react with fuel.
Fibers
The fiber polymer are capable of being
drawn into long filaments.
Nylon,
Rayon,
Polyester.
Commercially are the textile industry
Woven or knit into cloth or fabric.
Fibers
Fibers (Nylon)
Nylon, term applied to a synthetic resin
widely used for textile fibers,
Characterized by great strength,
toughness, and elasticity,
Processed also in the form of bristles and
molded articles.
Fibers (Nylon)
Nylon was found by DuPont
Fibers (Nylon)
Uses :
Air-bags,
Carpets-Rugs,
Clothing,
Guitar-string,
Parachutes.
Fibers (Rayon)
Rayon, artificial textile material,
composed of cellulose obtained from
cotton linters or from the pulp of trees
such as spruce.
Since the introduction of rayon about
1900, it has been used in many textile
fields.
Fibers (Polyester)
Polyester is most familiar as a component
of fabric.
Clothes with high polyester content
became popular in the 1970s.
Partly because they lacked the texture
and feel of natural fabrics such as cotton
and wool, their popularity decreased.
Fibers (Polyester)
However, polyester is still a component
in many fabrics used in clothing and other
items.
A polyester fiber made from polyethylene
terepthalate (PET) is used in a wide range
of products including tire cords, shrink
wrap, and clothing.
Fibers (Polyester)
The fiber resists wrinkling, mildew, and a
variety of chemicals.
The most common use of polyester today
is in textiles marketed under the names
Dacron, Fibre V, Fortrel, and Kodel.
Fibers (Polyester)
Dacron seat cushion
Fibers (Polyester)
PET also is used to make bottles as
containers for soft drinks.
Miscellaneous Applications
Coatings.
to protect the item from environment
that may produce corrosive reaction.
Improve appearance.
Electrical insulation.
Miscellaneous Applications
Adhesive
Joint the surfaces of two solid
materials.
Most of them form polymers, huge
molecules incorporating large numbers
of simple molecules to form strong
chains and nets that link surfaces in a
firm bond.
Miscellaneous Applications
Adhesive
Thermosetting adhesives, which are
transformed into tough, heat-resistant
solids by the addition of a catalyst or
the application of heat,
These are used in such structural
functions as bonding metallic parts of
aircraft and space vehicles.
Miscellaneous Applications
Adhesive
Thermoplastic resins, which can be
softened by heating, are used for
bonding wood, glass, rubber, metal,
and paper products.
Miscellaneous Applications
Adhesive
Elastomeric adhesives, such as
synthetic or natural rubber cements,
are used for bonding flexible materials
to rigid materials.
Miscellaneous Applications
Films
Thickness 0.025 to 0,125mm.
Fabricated and used as bag and packaging.
Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Cellophane and
Cellulose Acetate
Miscellaneous Applications
Foams.
Plastic material that contain a
relatively high volume percentage of
small pores.
Automobile cushion.
Packaging, (stereo-form).
Thermal insulation.
Advance Polymeric Materials
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene
Extraordinary characteristic:
Extremely high impact resistance.
Outstanding resistance to wear &
abrasion
Low coefficient of friction
Self lubricating and non-stick surface
Advance Polymeric Materials
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene
Extraordinary characteristic:
Good chemical resistance
Low temperature properties
Sound damping & energy absorption
Electrical insulation
Advance Polymeric Materials
Liquid Crystal Polymer
These material has following:
Excellent thermal stability
Stiff & strong, tensile modulii.
High impact strength
Inherent flame resistance
Advance Polymeric Materials
Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)
Automotive exterior trim (bumper)
Plastic Processing
Thermoplastics forming
How Thermoplastics are Formed
Thermoplastics are plastics that can be
hardened and melted more than once.
In the calendering process, continuous
plastic sheets are formed by forcing hot
plastic between successive sets of heated
rollers.
Thermoplastics forming
How Thermoplastics are Formed
Injection molding uses a screw to push
plastic through a heated tube into a
mold.
Extrusion is a continuous process that
heats plastic pellets in a long barrel. A
screw pushes the heated plastic through
a die opening to form objects such as
garden hose and piping.
Thermoplastics forming
How Thermoplastics are Formed
In thermoforming a hot plastic sheet is
draped over a mold and a vacuum draws
the plastic down into the mold.
Thermoplastics forming
How Thermoplastics are Formed
Blow molding forms containers from soft,
hollow plastic tubes that have a mold
fitted around the outside.
The tube is heated, and air injected into
the heated tube expands the plastic
against the walls of the mold.
Thermoplastics forming
Thermosetting forming
Thermosetting plastics are plastics that
cannot be re-melted once they have
hardened.
Compression molding forms
thermosetting plastic objects in a steel
mold.
Thermosetting forming
When heat and pressure are applied, the
softened plastic squeezes into all parts of
the mold to form the desired shape.
Laminating binds layers of materials
together in a plastic matrix.
The layers are fused when heated plates
melt the plastic and squeeze the material
Thermosetting forming
Injection die casting
Injection die casting
Injection die casting
Injection die casting
Casting & expansion processes

For both
Thermosetting &
Thermoplastic
polymer
Hot Compression Molding
Transfer Molding
Extrusion
Thermo forming