COOLING OF MICROPROCESSOR

CHIP USING SPRAY

IMPINGEMENT
MEL 509 : Convective Heat Transfer

Submitted by
Shubham Singh (2016MEM1014)
Santanu Kumar Das (2016MEM1013)
Raghavendra Dwivedi (2016MEM1010)
Contents
Introduction
Mathematical Model
o Thin Liquid Film Flow Model
o Heat Transfer Model
Results and Discussion
o Thin Liquid Film Flow Model
o Heat Transfer Model
Conclusion
Introduction

Promising technology for high heat flux electronics cooling application

When the droplets dispersing from a spray nozzle impinge on a
heated surface, a thin liquid film is formed
Large amount of heat is transported from the heated surface through
droplets impingement
Thin film convection, evaporation, nucleate boiling
Spray velocity and mass flow rate distribution affect the film thickness
 Water is the working medium
Experimental setup is complex and the study on thin film velocity
measurement is still lacking
Mathematical model to predict the flow pattern of thin film flow will
allow a better understanding of the heat transfer mechanisms in
spray cooling
Mathematical model is derived from spray characteristics to estimate
film thickness
Empirical heat transfer model is developed to predict heat transfer
Mathematical Model
Momentum of the impinging droplets is the only driving force
No other external forces on a horizontal impinged wall
High frequency of droplets makes it difficult to consider individual
droplet impact for mathematical model
But during steady state impingement liquid film flow is stable
High frequency droplets form rigid film interface
Averaged sum-up droplet momentum has been used for
mathematical model
Assumption
Laminar flow balanced by
momentum source S and viscous
force on impinged wall
All droplets absorbed by liquid
film
No rebound, splash or
evaporation
No velocity slip at boundary of
impinged wall
 Axial momentum of droplets can
be converted in local pressure
=
=


=

2 + 2

Radial momentum, Sr , of droplet

is absorbed by the liquid film
=
=


=

2 + 2
Derivation of Thin Liquid Film Flow Model
Under steady-state, incompressible flow, axisymmetric cylindrical co-
ordinate system

Continuity equation[3]
1
+ =0

Momentum equation[3]
There are two characteristic length scales :
characteristic film thickness = hfilm
characteristic substrate length = R

By scale analysis,
The non-dimensional momentum equations are
As the thickness of the thin film is much smaller than the substrate
length, i.e., (hfilm / R) ~0, by neglecting higher order term we get

2 1
2
=

By integration,
1 2
, = + 1 + 2
2
Boundary condition :

Finally we get the following velocity variation

1 2
, =
2
Mass flow rate :

2 3
() =
3

Local film thickness :

1/3
2
() =
3
Derivation of Heat Transfer Model
Energy conservation for control element

(1)

(2)
Two mechanisms of cooling

1. Droplet impingement cooling

In this case effectiveness is defined as

Heat removal by droplet impingement

(3)
2. Thin film convection

(4)

Combining eq. (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get

Results and Discussion
Modelling of mass flux
In the thin film flow modelling, the
characteristic velocities applied were
18.8 m/s, 21.2 m/s and 23.4 m/s
corresponding to the nozzle inlet
pressures of 276 kPa, 345 kPa and 414
kPa, respectively.

By using curve fitting, we get the

following mass flux,

= 29.182 1.062 104 + 1.912 107 2 3.305 109 3

The film thickness is thinner at the location under dense spray than that at the location
under dilute spray. It is believed that the resulted driving force under the dense spray
region is stronger in the liquid film to accelerate the thin film flow and consequently
reduce its film thickness.[1]
As the nozzle inlet pressure increases, the predicted film thickness decreases
slightly, while the experimental results show a more or less constant film thickness
as the nozzle inlet pressure ranges from 276 to 414 kPa.[1]
The dilute droplets mass flux at the centre (r=0) forms a thicker liquid film with
smaller velocity so that the heat transfer contributed by the thin film convection
is much smaller compared to the droplets impingement. As the radius increases,
the dense droplets flux (1 mm < r < 3.5 mm) tends to reduce the film thickness
and speed up the thin film flow, which intensifies the thin film convection.[1]
A higher surface temperature is observed at the centre and edge of spray cone
where the impinging droplet flux is dilute, while a lower surface temperature is
obtained in the region 1 < r < 3.5 mm where the impinging droplet flux is
dense. [1]
It is observed that the mean surface temperature increases with an increasing of
spray height in both of the experimental data and model predictions, and the heat
transfer contribution by droplet impingement is the primary heat transfer
mechanism (>60%) which decreases as the spray height increases.[1]
Conclusion
A thin liquid film flow model has been derived to investigate the thin
film flow under spray impingement
A heat transfer model was proposed to predict the heat transfer
performance in the non-boiling regime of spray cooling
Droplet impingement is the primary heat transfer mechanism in the
non-boiling regime of spray cooling
Comparing spray cooling with microchannel cooling and porous
media cooling, it was found that spray cooling has the highest
achievable heat flux
Spray cooling gives the most promising performances comparing with
the other presented techniques[2]
 Heat transfer in microchannel and porous media requires either a
small channel width or pore size to enhance the cooling parameters
With decreasing value of flow paths, the pressure drop along the flow
direction increases exponentially
Main disadvantage is related to non-uniform heat transfer
Advantages of spray cooling
Temperature uniformity
Variety of cooling media
Faster cooling rate
References
[1] J.L. Xie, R. Zhao, F. Duan, T.N. Wong, Thin liquid film flow and heat
transfer under spray impingement, Applied Thermal Engineering 48
(2012), 342-348
[2] P. Smakulski, S. Pietrowicz, A review of the capabilities of high
heat flux removal porous materials, micro channels and spray
cooling techniques, Applied Thermal Engineering 104 (2016), 636-646
[3] R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart, E.N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomenon
[4] Oliphant, K., B. W. Webb, M. Q. McQuay, An experimental comparison
of liquid jet array and spray impingement cooling in the non-boiling
regime, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 18.1 (1998): 1-10.
Thank You