Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Pulse Sequences
Jerry Allison Ph.D.
Quick Time a nd a
TIFF (U ncompress ed) de compressor
are neede d to se e this pic ture.
4
Image Contrast
Contrast in MRI is more complex and depends
on many properties/parameters, which can be
classified into intrinsic properties and
extrinsic parameters. Intrinsic properties
relate directly to the tissue. Extrinsic
parameters relate to the characteristics of the
MR imager and the details of the MRI Pulse
sequence used for imaging.
5
Intrinsic Properties
Proton density
T1 relaxation
T2 relaxation
T2* relaxation
- magnetic susceptibility
Diffusion
Magnetization transfer
-cross relaxation
6
Intrinsic Properties
Chemical Shift
Temperature
Perfusion
Changes in tissue composition (e.g. age)
Viscosity
Physiologic motion
Bulk flow
Blood
CSF
7
Extrinsic Parameters
Magnetic field strength
-static field
-gradient field
Magnetic field homogeneity
Hardware and software parameters
-coil selection
-number of slices acquired
-slice thickness and gap
8
Extrinsic Parameters
Hardware and software parameters
-slice location
-slice orientation
-number of averages or excitations
-RF pulse shape (#sinc lobes)
-RF transmitter bandwidth
-RF receive bandwidth
-pixel size
-matrix size
-field of view
9
Extrinsic Parameters
-acquisition mode ( 2D / 3D )
-artifact suppression
-physiologic triggering / gating
-orientation of phase and frequency
encode gradients
10
Extrinsic Parameters
RF pulse sequences
-inversion recovery
-spin echo
-gradient recalled echo
-fast scan sequences
-echoplanar (single shot techniques)
11
Extrinsic Parameters
Pulse sequence parameters
-repetition time (TR)
-echo time (TE)
-inversion time (TI)
-flip angle ()
-echo train length
Contrast enhancing agents
12
MRI Pulse Sequences
An MRI pulse sequence dramatically
impacts the appearance of an MRI image.
13
Spin Echo Pulse Sequences
T1 weighted PD weighted T2 weighted
TR 12.1
TE 5.4
15
3min 11sec for 160 slices
MRI Pulse Sequences
More specifically, an MRI pulse sequence is
a sequence of temporal waveforms:
Radiofrequency (RF) pulses
Gradient (magnetic field) pulses
Data acquisiton intervals
16
Here is a pulse-
sequence diagram.
This shows a
timeline for: 1) RF
pulses; 2) gradient
amplitudes for Gx,
Gy, Gz; 3) the
readout (i.e., A/D),
and 4) the signal of
the excited nuclei.
17
Multiplanar Imaging
Axial, sagittal, and coronal images can be
acquired as follows:
19
Spin Echo Images
T1 weighted PD weighted T2 weighted
21
Proton Density Weighting
Proton Density
-The nucleus of most hydrogen atoms is a single particle: the proton
-The number of mobile hydrogen nuclei per voxel directly affects the
intensity of the voxel in an MRI image (for all image weightings).
-Proton Density Weighting emphasizes proton density (as opposed to t1, t2 or
T2*)
So, one of many problems with lung imaging is the low proton density per
volume, leading to very low SNR. 22
Proton Density Weighting
23
T1 Weighting
Images demonstrate good contrast between
soft tissue types (because different tissues
have different T1 values).
24
T2 Weighting
Images demonstrate good contrast between
normal tissue and pathology (because many
pathologies have elevated T2 values due
to increased free water content).
25
Approximate T1 and T2 Values for Human Tissue
(37 oC)
T1 at 1.5 T T1 at 0.5 T T2
Tissue
(msec) (msec) (msec)
Skeletal Muscle 870 600 47
Liver 490 323 43
Kidney 650 449 58
Spleen 780 554 62
Fat 260 215 84
Gray Matter 920 656 101
White Matter 790 539 92
Cerebrospinal Fluid >4,000 >4,000 >2,000
T1, T2 Weighting
In images of the head
28
Spin Echo Imaging
29
Spin Echo Imaging
The Spin Echo imaging technique has the
advantage that it is not as sensitive to static
inhomogeneity of the magnet and
inhomogeneity caused by magnetic
susceptibility of patient tissue.
30
Spin Echo Imaging
31
Spin Echo Imaging
The pulse sequence must be repeated many times to
produce an MRI image. The time interval between each
execution of the pulse sequence is termed the
Repetition Time (TR).
32
Spin Echo Imaging
The value of the repetition time (TR) and the echo
time (TE) can be varied to control contrast in spin echo
imaging. For example:
33
Fast Spin Echo Pulse Sequence (FSE)
Turbo Spin Echo (TSE)
35
36
Gradient Recalled Echo Images
2D-FLASH
TR 25msec MIP
TE 9msec
a = 35o (Maximum Intensity Projection)
37
5.7sec per slice
Gradient Recalled Echo Image
-TR
cos(e) = e T1
40
Gradient Recalled Echo
Vancouver, BC
courtesy of Dr. Rawson
41
Three Dimensional Volume Techniques
42
Three Dimensional Volume Image
44
Inversion Recovery (IR)
A basic IR spin echo pulse sequence consists of
a 180o inversion pulse, followed by an inversion
time TI, then a 90o RF pulse.
45
Consider two voxels, one of fat and one of H2O
47
48
IR Image
STD T2 weighting
vs
50
GE MRI Image Annotation
51
GE MRI Image Annotation
52
GE MRI Image Annotation
53
GE MRI Image Annotation
54
GE MRI Image Annotation
55