Protection Application Protection General

Handbook
ABB Group - 1 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Electric Power Systems

Production Transmission Distribution Consumption

M
G
ABB Group - 2 -

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Some definitions

Power system faults

An abnormality or failure of primary equipment
Non system faults
Faults other than a power system fault ( e.g: secondary
equipment failure , human errors)
Power system disturbances
Sequence of power system faults that we treat as one incident.
ABB Group - 3 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Fault Clearance System

Protection System

CT Circuit Breaker

Circuit
Protection Breaker
VT Trip
Equipment Mecha-
Coil
nism
TE

DC-System
ABB Group - 4 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
The main task for Relay Protection

U I Protect people and property

around the power system

Protect equipment, lines etc..

C
E in the power system

Separate the faulty part from

the rest of the power system
ABB Group - 5 -
15-Sep-17

K
 Protection General
Different fault types in a power system
ABB Group - 6 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Primary and backup protection zones

Remote back-up with time selectivity is most common

ABB Group - 7 -

at Medium and low voltage functions

15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Remote back-up protection with time
grading
ABB Group - 8 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Local back-up protection

Where remote back-up protection is not

possible a local back-up must be arranged
ABB Group - 9 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Redundant protection system

Separate measuring cores

Duplicate trip coils
Separate dc distribution/ double battery
system
Physical separation of protection system
Separate cable ways
ABB Group - 10 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Redundant protection system

Redundant system costs more but can give big savings in the
ABB Group - 11 -

primary system due to short fault clearance time

15-Sep-17
 Protection General
DC supply

The protection system that gives back up for other

protection should not be fed from the same DC
supply
For example if line and transformer protections are
from same DC the backup function of the
transformer will not be able to operate for a failure
to clear the fault on the line by the primary
protection
ABB Group - 12 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Principle of breaker failure protection
ABB Group - 13 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Duplication of breaker fail protection

Often 2 out of 2 connection of current and

time is used to obtain high security
For numerical relays this is not necessary
Duplication of breaker fail protection gives
high reliability but lower security.
Considering probability of failures only one
breaker failure relay is used
ABB Group - 14 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Disturbance Registration and Fault
Signaling
Alarm system
DC system for alarm independent of distribution
Supervision of alarm voltage

Disturbance recorder & Event logger

Analysis of print out will help discover inoperative
relays , incorrect settings and badly chosen
measuring principle
ABB Group - 15 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
What is Substation Automation ?

Substitution for conventional control panels

Substitution for other sub systems
A more efficient way of controlling your substation
ABB Group - 16 -
15-Sep-17

8
 Protection General
What is Substation Automation ?
A combination of:

Protection

Monitoring

Control

Communication
ABB Group - 17 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
The conventional way
Control Board

Telecontrol Synchro- Busbar

Alarming nization Protection
RTU

MARSHALING RACK

Local Inter- Bay

ControlTELE- locking
ALARMING Measuring BUSBAR
Protection
NISATION PROTECTION
ABB Group - 18 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
The new way
LAN/WAN
TCP/IP
Async protocols

ABB

GW

LON

.....
REC 561 RE. 5XX REC 561 RE. 5XX
C C C C

E E E E
ABB Group - 19 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
The goal of the IEC 61850 standard

Interoperability The ability for IEDs from one or several manufacturer

to exchange information and use the information for the
their own functions.

Free Configuration The standard shall support different philosophies and

allow a free allocation of functions e.g. it will work
equally well for centralized (RTU like) or decentralized
(SCS like) systems.

Long Term Stability The standard shall be future proof, i.e. it must be able
to follow the progress in communication technology as
well as evolving system requirements.
ABB Group - 20 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
TRENDS

Concept of Protection and Control Terminal

Communication
Improved self-supervision
Reduced periodic maintenance
Better tools for disturbance analysis
ABB Group - 21 -
15-Sep-17
 CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Fundamentals
Back-UP Protection for
EHV and UHV
Transmission Network
ABB Group - 22 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
The Fault Clearance System

Fault Clearance System

Protection System

CT Circuit Breaker

Circuit
Protection Breaker
VT Trip
Equipment Mecha-
Coil
nism
TE

DC-System
ABB Group - 23 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Remote Back-up Protection

Remote Back-up Protection

A B C
5 1 2 F 6

7 3 4 8
D E
ABB Group - 24 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Remote Back-up Protection
Time Step 3

Step 2

Step 1 Distance

Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1

B
A C
ABB Group - 25 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Substation Local Back-up Protection
Substation Local Back-up Protection

P2 B

T P1 P3 C

A P4 D
ABB Group - 26 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Circuit Local Back-up Protection
Circuit Local Back-up Protection

P2 P2

P1 P1

A B
ABB Group - 27 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Duplicated Main Protections

Duplicated Main Protections

A B

1 3 5 5 3 1

2 4 6 6 4 2
ABB Group - 28 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Circuit Breaker Failure Protection

Has No Reset
Protection Normal Breaker
Operated? Operation Failure
Protection

Yes

Start
Breaker Wait for Fault
Failure Fault Cleared?
Protection Clearance
Yes

No

Trip Trip
Main Back-up
Breaker(s) Breaker(s)
ABB Group - 29 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Single failure Criterion
Failure of any one component in a fault clearance
system should not result in a complete failure to
clear a power system fault or abnormality.
ABB Group - 30 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Applying single failure criterion
Assume that the power system is either in its normal
switching state or that one line is out of service.
Consider the following types of faults
Three phase fault
Phase to phase fault
Phase to earth fault
Open conductor or broken conductor fault
ABB Group - 31 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Applying single failure criterion
Consider one of the following failures
Loss of input from a voltage transformer,
Loss of input from a current transformer,
A failure to operate of a protection relay,
A blown DC fuse
An interruption of a tripping circuit
A failure of remote end communication (especially line
differential protection)
A failure to operate of a switching device.
ABB Group - 32 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Applying single failure criterion
Check if the fault clearance system clears the faults
at pre-defined locations considering the following
A line fault
A bus bar fault
A fault in power transformer
A fault in the shunt reactor

Add second main protection or back-up protection

until the fault clearance system clears al the faults.
Check if the healthy lines and healthy items of plant
can withstand the fault current for the above cases.
Add second main protection, back-up protection or
ABB Group - 33 -

reinforce the primary equipment until it withstands

the fault current during the fault clearance time.
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Applying single failure criterion

Carry out a more detailed analysis to check the

above cases under different outage conditions for
which the system has been planned.
Examples of outages to be considered are outage of
a line, outage of a power transformer, outage of a
generator etc
ABB Group - 34 -
15-Sep-17
 CBIP Manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Requirements
Back-UP Protection for
EHV and UHV
Transmission Network
ABB Group - 35 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
External requirements
Safety regulations
Equipment warranties
Insurance requirements
Industry standards
Prudent utility practices
Safety grounding
Power quality
ABB Group - 36 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Protection requirements
Criteria specific to equipment within protective zone
Criteria specific to other equipment supplying fault
current to faulted element
Criteria specific to stability of the network
ABB Group - 37 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Phase Selection on Double-Circuit Lines

A B C A B C
L1

L R
L2
ABB Group - 38 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Economic Benefit of Perfect Phase Selection in
Connection With Single Pole Reclosing
ABB Group - 39 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Fault current withstand capability
Rated breaking current capability of switch gear

System Voltage Fault current Duration

132 kV 25/31.5 kA 1/3 Sec

220kV 31.5/40kA 1 Sec

400kV 40/63 kA 1 Sec

765 kV 40 kA 1 Sec
ABB Group - 40 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Fault clearance time - Transient stability

TRANSMISSION CAPACITY LIMITED BY

RISK FOR TRANSIENT INSTABILITY

Single-phase Fault and

Three-phase Fault and Single-phase Reclosing
[MW]

Three-phase Reclosing
ABB Group - 41 -

Fault Clearing Time

15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Recommendations

The system planners and designers should assess

the requirements for 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV and 765
kV systems and coordinate with the protection
engineers to ensure that these requirements are
fulfilled.
ABB Group - 42 -
15-Sep-17
 CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Performance Indicies
Back-UP Protection for
EHV and UHV
Transmission Network
ABB Group - 43 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Performance Indices
Dependability
Security
Reliability
ABB Group - 44 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Dependability
The dependability of protection is the probability for a
protection of not having a failure to operate under given
conditions for a given time interval
An index of dependability should measure the ability of
the protection to operate when there is a power system
fault for which the protection shall operate
ABB Group - 45 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Security

The security of protection is the probability for a

protection of not having an unwanted operation for a
given time interval
An index of security should measure the ability of the
protection not to operate when it should not.
ABB Group - 46 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Reliability

It is the combined ability of not having a failure to

operate and of not having an unwanted operation
An index of reliability should measure these two
properties of the protection.
ABB Group - 47 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
The Fault Clearance Time
ABB Group - 48 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Performance indices
It is recommended that utilities have a system of
measuring and keeping record of the performance
indices for
Protection devices
Switching devices

This can be valuable data for taking decisions

regarding maintenance, modernizing and retrofitting
of switching and protection system.
ABB Group - 49 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Performance indices
A system of benchmarking the indices be introduced
by utilities and actions be taken for improvement as
considered necessary.

These can be regarding revision in relay settings,

better maintenance practices, modernizing and
retrofitting of switching and protection system etc.
ABB Group - 50 -
15-Sep-17
 Protection General
Performance indices
While evaluating this data apart from looking at
protection devices and switching devices, attention
should also be given to remaining part of the fault
clearing system viz., D.C. supplies, teleprotection
signaling, healthiness of tripping cables, termination
etc. This will help to improve the design of fault
clearance system.
ABB Group - 51 -
15-Sep-17
 ABB Group - 52 -
15-Sep-17
Protection General