Introduction to fuzzy logic and its

application in Environmental
Engineering
Presented by
Drashti V. Kapadia
 Content
Introduction
Fuzzy Set vs Crisp Set
Operation on Fuzzy System
FMCDM
Application in Environmental Engineering
Overview of Research Papers
Advantages and drawbacks

Presented By : Drashti V. Kapadia 2

 Introduction
Fuzzy Logic is a rigorous methodology for dealing with
elements of uncertainty and vagueness.

It is a set of mathematical principles for knowledge

representation based on degrees of membership.

Lotfi A. Zadeh in 1965, introducing the concept of fuzzy sets,

that opened a totally new view of systems, logic and models of
reasoning

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 Crisp Set vs Fuzzy Set
Crisp set A is a mapping for the elements of S to the set {0,1}
A: S {0,1}
A(x) = 1 If x is an element of set A
A(x) = 0 If x not an element of set A

Fuzzy set F is a mapping for the elements of S to the interval

[0,1]
F:S [0,1]
Characteristic function: 0 F(x) 1
For 1 full membership and for 0 no membership
Anything between them called graded membership

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 Crisp Set vs Fuzzy Set
Working with binary decision
39c has not been included in strong fever

Therefore about 39c we can say that it is less strong fever

compare with 42c is more strong fever.

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 Crisp Set vs Fuzzy Set
The x-axis represents the universe of discourse the range of
all possible values applicable to a chosen variable. The
variable is the man height. The universe of mens heights
consists of all tall men
The y-axis represents the membership value of the fuzzy set.
The fuzzy set of tall men maps height values into
corresponding membership values.

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 Operations of Crisp Set and Fuzzy
Set
( x) ( x)
Not A B
B 1 1 A
A
A AA 0 0
x x
B
1 1 A
Not A
0 0
Complement Containment Complement x Containment x

( x) ( x)
1 1
AB AB
A B AA B 0 0
x x
1 AB 1
AB
0 0
Intersection Union x x
Intersection Union
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Operation of Fuzzy Rule Based
System
Crisp Input

Fuzzification Input Membership

Functions
Fuzzy Input

Rule Evaluation Rules / Inferences

Fuzzy Output

Defuzzification Output Membership

Functions
Crisp Output
 Fuzzification
Fuzzification
It is the process where the crisp quantities are converted to
fuzzy

Membership Function (MF)

It is a curve that defines how each point in the input space is
mapped to a membership value between 0 and 1

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 Fuzzification
Types of membership Function
Trimf
Simplest membership function with three points
It has easy mathematical formula.

Trapmf
It has a flat top with straight lines of simplicity.
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 Fuzzification
Gaussian MF
Because of their smoothness and concise notation, Gaussian
and bell membership functions are popular methods for
specifying fuzzy sets. Both of these curves have the advantage
of being smooth and nonzero at all points.

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 Fuzzification
Sigmoidal MF
Asymmetric and closed (i.e. not open to the left or right)
membership functions can be synthesized using two sigmoidal
functions

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 Fuzzification
The function zmf is the asymmetrical polynomial curve open
to the left, smf is the mirror-image function that opens to the
right, and pimf is zero on both extremes with a rise in the
middle

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 Rule Evaluation
Fuzzy rules are linguistic IF-THEN- constructions that have
the general form "IF A THEN B
A is called the antecedent (premise) and B is the consequence
(End result) of the rule
By applying fuzzy operator AND, OR and finally using
implication method we can get single fuzzy variable.

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 Types of Fuzzy Inference System
Mamdani

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 Types of Fuzzy Inference System
Sugeno

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 Difference
Mamdani FIS uses the technique of defuzzification of a fuzzy
output, Sugeno FIS uses weighted average to compute the
crisp output. Therefore in Sugeno FIS the defuzzification
process is by passed.
Mamdani FIS has output membership functions whereas
Sugeno FIS has no output membership functions.
It should be noted that the Mamdani FIS can be used directly
for either MISO systems (multiple input single output) as well
as for MIMO systems (multiple input multiple output), while
the SUGENO FIS can only be used in MISO systems

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 Difference
Mamdani method is widely accepted for capturing expert
knowledge. Sugeno method is computationally efficient and
works well with optimization and adaptive techniques, which
makes it very attractive in control problems, particularly for
dynamic non linear systems.

Easy formalization and interpretability of Mamdani-type fuzzy

inference systems (FIS), while ensuring the computational
efficiency and accuracy of Sugeno-type FIS

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 Defuzzification

Methods
Max membership principle
Centroid method
Weighted average method
Mean max membership
Center of sums
Center of largest area
First (or last) of maxima

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 Centroid method
This method is also known as center of gravity or center of
area defuzzification. This technique was developed by Sugeno
in 1985. This is the most commonly used technique. The only
disadvantage of this method is that it is computationally
difficult for complex membership functions. The centroid
defuzzification technique can be expressed as

where zCOG is the crisp output, A(z) is the aggregated

membership function and z is the output variable

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Defuzzification

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 FDM

1. Individual decision making

2. Multi person decision making
3. Multi criteria decision making
4. Multistage decision making
5. Fuzzy ranking
6. Fuzzy linear programming

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 FMCDM
It is the process to choose amongst alternatives based on
multiple criteria.
Methods
MADM (Multi Attribute Decision Making)
MODM (Multi Objective Decision Making)
MADM involve the design of a best alternative by
considering the tradeoffs within a set of design constraint.
In MODM number of alternatives is effectively infinite, and
tradeoff among design criteria are typically described by
continuous function.
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 Three Level Hierarchy

Goal

Criteria
1 2 3 4

Alternatives
A B C

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 Steps in MCDM Methodology
Defining the problem and fixing the criteria
Appropriate data collection
Establishment of feasible/efficient alternatives
Formulation of payoff matrix (alternative versus criteria array)
Selection of appropriate method to solve the problem
Incorporation of decision-makers preference structure
Choosing one or more of the best/suitable alternatives for
further analysis

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 Application in Environmental
Engineering
Water Engineering
To check the ground water vulnerability
To decide the type of water treatment giving to the water body
To optimise coast in Water Distribution Network

Wastewater Engineering
To design control strategies to keep the process in good
working condition
Comparison of input and output datas for each unit
To evaluate wastewater Index

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 Application in Environmental
Engineering
Solid Waste Management
To allocate best landfill site
To give preference of treatments

Hazardous Waste Management

To give ranking to the treatment

Air Pollution
To calculate Air Quality Index

Noise Pollution
Eects of noise pollution on speech interference

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 Overview
Sr no. Title of paper Application Method used
2001, Fuzzy logic Monitoring and Fuzzy Estimator
observers for a biological control of biological
1 wastewater treatment processes in WWTP
process

2005, Energy Saving In A Energy saving upto Implementation

Wastewater Treatment 10% in WWTP of FLC to
2 Process: An Application regulate aeration
Of Fuzzy Logic Control

2007, Rule-Based Fuzzy Recognition of FIS with rule

System for Assessing groundwater based by using
3 Groundwater vulnerability to DRASTIC
Vulnerability pollution parameters
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 Overview
Sr no. Paper Application Method used
2007, Optimal Allocation Allocation of landfill MCDM
Of Landfill Disposal Site: site
4 A Fuzzy Multi-Criteria
Approach

2008, An expert system Effects of noise Knowledge based

for predicting the effects pollution on speech Rule based fuzzy
of speech interference interference approach to make
5
due to noise pollution on Mamdani and
humans using fuzzy Sugeno model
approach
2009, Fuzzy logic Water Determination of WQI Fuzzy logic with
Quality index and UNIQ 2007
6
importance of Water model
Quality Parameters,
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 Overview
Sr no. Paper Application Method used
2011, Fuzzy logic based Calculation of AQI Fuzzy knowledge
7 model for monitoring air based system
quality index
2014, Predicting Prediction of treated FMCDM for
Efficiency Of Treatment Wastewater quality WWQI with AHP
8 Plant By Multi Parameter and evaluation the and Simple Multi
Aggregated Index performance of Attribute Rating
WWTP Technique
2015, Optimal Design of Cost optimization in Fuzzy
Level-1 Redundant Water water distribution optimization
9
Distribution Networks network system model and GA
with Fuzzy Demands model

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 Advantages
Easy to understand, test and maintain
Easy to be prototyped
They operate even when there is lack of rules or wrong rules.
Combination of linguistic and numeric
Reasoning process is simple so saving the computing power
Less time require to develop a model than convetional

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 Drawbacks
Need more tests and simulation

Do not learn easily

Difficult to establish correct rules

Lack of precise mathematical model

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Thank you

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