MECH4450 Introduction to Finite

Element Methods

FEA of Axially Loaded Bar

 FEM Formulation of Axially
Loaded Bar Governing Equations
Differential Equation
d du
EA( x ) f ( x) 0 0 x L
dx dx

Weighted-Integral Formulation
L d du
0
w EA( x) f ( x) dx 0
dx dx

Weak Form
L L
dw du du
0 EA( x) wf ( x) dx w EA( x)
0
dx dx dx 0
Finite Element Method Piecewise
Approximation
u
u

x
x

=0
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example:
Find the displacement field

Step 1: Discretization

1 2 3

Step 2: Weak form of one element P2

P1
x1 x2
x2 x2
dw du du
x dx
EA( x )
dx


w( x ) f ( x )

dx w( x )

EA( x )
dx
0
x1
1

x2
dw du
x dx
EA( x ) w( x ) f ( x ) dx w x2 P2 w x1 P1 0
1
dx
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 3: Choosing shape functions

- linear shape functions u 1u1 2u2

x x
x2 x1 x0 x1
x1 l
x2 x x x1 1x 1x
1 ; 2 1 ; 2
l l 2 2
2
x x x1 1; x
x 1 l x
1
l 2
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 4: Forming element equation

x2
dw du
x dx
EA( x )
dx
w ( x ) f ( x ) dx w x2 P2 w x1 P1 0
1

E,A are constant
x2 x2 x
1 u2 u1 EA EA 2

Let w ,1 EA 1 f dx 1 x2 P2 1 x1 P1 0
dx
u1 u2 1 f dx P1
x1
l l x1 l l x1
x
x2 x2 EA EA 2

Let w ,2 1 u2 u1 u1 u2 2 f dx P2
EA 2 f dx 2 x2 P2 2 x1 P1 0
dx l l
l
x1
l x1 x1

x2
1 fdx
EA 1 1u1 x1 P1 f1 P1

l

1u
1 2
x2
P2 f2 P2
2 fdx
1
x
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Approach 1:
1 1 0 0u1I f1I P1I
I I I
Element 1: E I AI 1 1 0 0u2 f 2 P2

l I 0 0 0 00 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
00 0 0
Element 2:
0 1 1 0u1II f II P II
E II AII
1 1

l II 0 1 1 0u2II f 2II P2II

0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Element 3:
0 0 0 0

E III AIII 0
0 0

III III III
l III 0 0 1 1 u1 f1 P1
III III III
001 1 u2
f2 P2
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Assembled System:

E I AI E I AI
lI I 0 0
l
I I
u1 f1 P1 f1 P1I
I
E A E A E II AII
I I
E II AII
I II II 0 II
l lI l l u2
f 2 P2 f 2 f1 P2 P1
I II I

II
III II III
0 E II AII E II AII E III AIII E III AIII u3 f 3 P3 f 2 f1 P2 P1
II III
l l II l III l
u f 4
P4 f 2III P2III

4
0 E III AIII E III AIII
0 III
l l III
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
Approach 2: Element connectivity table
1 2 3
kije K IJ local node
(i,j) 2 3 4

global node index

(I,J)
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 6: Imposing boundary conditions and forming condense system

E I AI E I AI
I I 0 0
l l
E I AI E A E II AII
I I
E II AII 0 F1 f1 P1
I II II 0
l lI l l u2
F2 f 2 0

E II AII E II AII E III AIII E III AIII u3 F3 f3 0
0 II III
l l II l III l
u F4
f 4
P
4

E III AIII E III AIII

0 0 III
l l III
Condensed system: E I AI E II A II E II AII
I II II 0
l l l u2 f 2 0
E II AII E II AII E III AIII III III
E A
l II l II

l III
III u3 f 3 0
l

u
4
f P
E III AIII III III
E A 4

0
l III l III
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
What if u1 a

Step 6: Imposing boundary conditions and forming condense system

K11
K12 K13 K14 a F1 K12 K13 K14 F1 K11
u
2

K 21 K 22 K 23 K 24 u F K 22 K 23 K 24
F K

2

2
u3 2 a 21

K 31 K 32 K 33 K 34 u3 F3 K 32 K 33 K 34 F3 K 31
u
K 41
K 42 K 43 K 44
u4 F4 K 42 K 43 K 44 4
F
4
K 41

Condensed system:
K 22 K 23
K 24 u2 F2 K 21

K 32 K 33
K 34
u3 F3 a K 31

K42
K 43 K 44 u4 F4 K 41
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 7: solution

Step 8: post calculation

du d d d1 d
u u11 u 22 u1 1 u2 2 E Eu1 Eu2 2
dx dx dx dx dx
 Summary - Major Steps in FEM
Discretization
Derivation of element equation
weak form
construct form of approximation solution over
one element
derive finite element model
Assembling putting elements together
Imposing boundary conditions
Solving equations
Postcomputation
 Exercises Linear Element

Example 1: Find the displacement, stress

and strain field

E = 100 GPa, A = 1 cm2

1 2 3 x2
1 2 3 4 1 fdx
EA 1 1u1 x1 P1 f1 P1
Element equation for linear bar element:
x2
l 1 1
2u fdx P2 f2 P2
2
Global system: x1
E I AI E I AI
I I 0 0
l l
u1 F1 f1 P1I
I
E I AI E I AI E II AII E II AII
I II 0 I II I II
l lI l l II u2
F2 f 2 f1 P2 P1
II
E II AII E II AII E III AIII E III AIII u3 F3 f 2 f1III P2II P1III
0 II III
l l II l III l
u F4
f 2III P2III
4

E III AIII E III AIII

0 0 III
l l III
 Exercises Linear Element

Example 1:
E = 100 GPa, A = 1 cm2

Force vector:

f1 f1I
1 P1 P1I
f I
2 f 2 f1
II
2 P2 0
II
f3 f 2 f1
III
2 P3 0
f4
f2
III
1
P4
10

Global system: Imposing boundary conditions:

1 1 0 0 u1
1 P1I 1 1 0 0 0 1 P1I

1 2 1 0 u2
2 0
1 2 1 0 u
2

10 7 10 7 0
2

0 1 2 1 u3
2 0 0 1 2 1 u3
2 0

0 0 1 1
u4 1 10 0 0 1 1
u4 1 10
 Exercises Linear Element

Example 1:
E = 100 GPa, A = 1 cm2

Condensed system:
2 1 0 u2 2 u2
15
107 1 2 1 u 2
7
u3 2810 m
3
1 1
0
u4 11
u
4
39

u2 107 P1I 1 P1I 16N

Displacement field:
x0
x [ 0,1] u u11 u22 u22
15 10 7 15 x
10 7 m
1
2 x x 1 7
x [ 1, 2] u u21 u32 15
28 10 13 x 2
10 7 m
1 1
3 x x2 7
x [ 2,3] u u31 u42 28

39 10 11x 6
10 7 m
1 1
 Linear Formulation for Bar Element
u1 f(x) u2
u
P1 P2
x x=x1 L = x2-x1 x= x2

P1 f1 K11 K12 u1

P2 f 2 K12 K 22 u 2

di d j
x2 x2

where K ij EA
x1 dx dx
dx K ji , f i

f dx
x1
i

1 1 2 1

x=x1 x=x2
x
Higher Order Formulation for Bar Element
u1 u2 u3
u
x 1 2 3

u(x) u1 1 (x) u2 2 (x) u3 3 (x)

u1 u2 u3 u4
u
x 1 2 3 4

u(x) u1 1 ( x ) u2 2 ( x ) u3 3 ( x ) u4 4 ( x )

u1 u4 un
u u2 u3

x 1 2 3 4 n

u(x) u1 1 ( x ) u2 2 ( x ) u3 3 ( x ) u4 4 ( x ) un n ( x )
Natural Coordinates and Interpolation Functions
x =-1 x x =1

x x=x1 x= x2
x0 x l
x x x1
x1 x2
x
2
Natural (or Normal) Coordinate: x
l/2
x =-1 x x =1
x 1 x 1
1 , 2
1 2 2 2
x =-1 x x =1
x x 1 x 1 x
1 , 2 x 1 x 1 , 3
2 2
1 2 3
9 1 1
x =-1 x x =1 1 x x x 1 , 2
27
x 1 x 1 x 1
16 3 3 16 3

1 2 3 4 3
27
x 1 x 1 x 1 , 4 9 x 1 x 1 x 1
16 3 16 3 3
Quadratic Formulation for Bar Element
P1 f 1 K 11 K 12 K 13 u1

P2 f 2 K 12 K 22 K 23 u2
P f K K 23 K 33 u3
3 3 13

x2 1
l
and f i ji f dx
i d x , i, j 1, 2, 3
j f
x1 1
2

1 3
2

x =-1 x =0 x =1
 Quadratic Formulation for Bar Element
u1 f(x) u2 u3
P2
P1 P3
x1 x2 x3
x =-1 x =0 x =1

x x 1 x 1 x
u( x ) u1 1 ( x ) u2 2 ( x ) u3 3 ( x ) u1 u2 x 1 x 1 u3
2 2
x x 1 x 1 x
1 , 2 x 1 x 1 , 3
2 2
 Exercises Quadratic Element

Example 2: Find the displacement, stress

and strain field

E = 100 GPa, A1 = 1 cm2; A1 = 2 cm2

2
1 Element equations:

Element 1 Element 2
7 8 1 u11 P11 7 8 1 u12 P12
EA1 1 1 EA2 2 2
8 16 8u P 8 16 8
u P
3L 2 2 3L 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 8 7
u3 P3 1 8 7
u
3 P3

Global system 7 EA 8 EA1 EA1 0 0

1 3L
3L 3L
8 EA1 u P
8EA1

16 EA1 0 0 1 1
3L u2 P2
3L 3L
7 EA1 7 EA2 8EA2 EA3

EA1 8 EA1
3L

3L 3L 3L u3 P3

3L 3L
16 EA2 8 EA2 u4 P
8 EA2 4
0 0 3L 3L u 5 P5
3L
EA3 8EA2 7 EA2

0 0 3L 3L
3L
 Exercises Quadratic Element

Example 2:
Imposing boundary conditions
7 EA 8 EA1 EA1 0 0
1 3L
3L 3L
8 EA1 0
8EA1

16 EA1 0 0 P1
3L u2 0
3L 3L
7 EA1 7 EA2 8EA2 EA3
EA1 8 EA1 u 5
3L 3L 3
3L 3L 3L 3L
16 EA2 8EA2 u4 0
8EA2
0 0 3L 3L u5 10
3L
EA3 8EA2 7 EA2

0 0 3L 3L
3L

Solutions: u2 0.0008
u 0.0015
3
m
u
4 0.0023

u5
0.0030
 Non-standard Cases

Non-uniform cross section:

Interior load point:

Mixed boundary condition:

k