Operating Systems: Fundamentals of Computer Software and Application

Operating Systems
Fundamentals of Computer
Software and Application
Lesson 6
Lesson 5
1 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Software
A set of instructions issued to the computer

so that specific tasks are performed.
Microsoft Word is an example of software.
Lesson 6

Types of Software
There are two basic types of software:

Applications software is productivity software
designed for an end user such as word
processors
Lesson 6
System software is a group of programs that

control the resources and operations of a
computer system and include operating
systems, utilities, and language translators
Operating Systems Definition
Part of the system software, an operating

system (OS) provides an interface between
the user or application program and the
computer hardware
Examples of an operating system are
Lesson 6
Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Unix

Operating Systems Definition
Operating system: an interface between users and computers

Lesson 6

System Software
Utilities or Utility programs help you

perform housekeeping chores such as:
formatting a disk
copying a file
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backing up the hard drive

consolidating fragmented files

System Software
Language Translators:
It converts English-like software programs
into machine language that the computer can
understand
Lesson 6
For example, the translator would change

each of the Visual Basic programming
statements into machine language

Microcomputer Operating Systems
All computers have operating systems

There are two types of user interfaces:
command-line and graphical interface.
Lesson 6

Early computers used command-line interfaces

With this type of interface, you must type the
exact command you want to execute
The first IBM PC in 1981 used this type of
Lesson 6
interface called DOS (Disk Operating System)

The user can run only one program at a time
DOS still is accessible in all Windows OS
versions
Command-line interface showing an example of the Ping

command.
Lesson 6

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) make

computers easy to use
When the user turns on the computer a
symbolic desktop is displayed with various
icons representing files, disks, and programs
Lesson 6
Most people use a mouse to click the icons

and execute commands

Graphical user interface

Lesson 6

Mac OS:
Macintoshs operating system, the Mac OS,
was introduced in1984 with a GUI
Microsoft introduced its own GUI called
Lesson 6
Windows in 1983
Windows 95 was Microsofts first true
multitasking operating system

Mac OS:
Lesson 6

Windows:
Windows 98 was released in June of 1998 and
introduced integrated Web browsing and the
Active Desktop with a browser-like interface
Lesson 6
Windows Vista includes features such as live

icons and a stronger firewall

Windows:
Microsofts Windows 7 offers remote media
streaming and Windows touch
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Windows:
Microsofts latest OS is Windows 8 which
offers new task manager and streamlined file
management
Lesson 6

Embedded Operating Systems:

This OS includes technology and tools that
enable developers to create a broad range of
devices
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This operating system, which resides on a

ROM chip, is used on small handheld
computers and wireless communication
devices such as PDAs
UNIX:
It is an operating system frequently used by
scientists and programmers, originally developed
by AT&T
UNIX is considered a multitasking, portable
Lesson 6
operating system that can run on almost any

hardware platform
There are several variants of the language, such
as Linux and IBMs AIX
UNIX:
Lesson 6

Linux:
refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating
systems using the Linux kernel
one of the most prominent examples of free and open
source software collaboration; typically all the
Lesson 6
underlying source code can be used, freely modified,

and redistributed, both commercially and non-
commercially

Linux:
Lesson 6

Loading the Operating System
Booting is the process of starting a

computer
When you start your computer, operating
system commands are loaded into memory
Lesson 6
Each operating system boots or starts the

computer in its own way

1. Turn on your computer (based on Windows

OS)
Basic input/ output system (BIOS) is activated
followed by a series of diagnostic tests
2. BIOS searches for the boot record
Lesson 6
3. Boot record is loaded into RAM

These files contain programming configuration
instructions for hardware devices and software
applications that are installed on your computer
4. Software drivers are loaded

Drivers are what enable you to use your printer,
modem, scanner, or other devices
5. The GUI is loaded
Lesson 6
When loading the GUI, the operating system

reads the commands for your desktop
configuration and programs in the Startup folder
6. If everything goes as it should, the GUI
appears and the computer is ready to use
Sharing Files on Different Operating Systems:

It is often necessary to share files across operating
system platforms
A hardware file share solution is an emulation card
loaded on the motherboard that gives the computer
Lesson 6
the ability to run programs for another OS

Another solution is to save files in a format that is
readable across systems, such as .txt

Cold boot when you power up a computer by

turning on the power on switch.
Warm boot when the computer is already on and

you restart it.
Lesson 6
Boot disk when you use a disk to start up the

computer
A boot disk is a CD that contains all the files needed to launch
the OS

CPU Management
The kernel manages the CPU
It remains in memory while the computer is running

and directs other nonresident programs to perform
tasks that support application programs
Lesson 6

Kernel
The central component of most computer

operating systems; it is a bridge between
applications and the actual data processing done at
the hardware level. The kernel's responsibilities
include managing the system's resources (the
communication between hardware and software
Lesson 6
components).

CPU Management
Memory Management
It keeps track of the locations within main memory

where the programs and data are stored.
Lesson 6
This capability allows a computer to hold only the

most immediately needed data and programs within
main memory.

CPU Management
Queues, Buffers, and Spooling
Programs and data that are to be processed wait on

disk in queues.
Lesson 6
A queue is a first-in, first-out sequence of data

and/or programs that wait in line in a temporary
holding place to be processed.

CPU Management
Queues, Buffers, and Spooling
The disk area where the programs or documents

wait is called a buffer.
Lesson 6
Print jobs are usually spooled (placed in a buffer)

where they wait in a queue to be printed.

File Management
File a named collection of data or a program that

exists in a computers secondary storage
The OS records the storage location of all files. If

you move, rename, or delete a file, the OS
Lesson 6
manages such changes and helps you locate and

gain access to it.

Task Management
Multitasking is the execution of two or more

programs by one user almost at the same time on
the same computer with one central processor.
The OS directs the processor to spend a

Lesson 6
predetermined amount of time executing the

instructions for each program, one at a time.

Network Operating Systems
A network operating system (NOS) resides on a

network server and allows a group of computers
(also called clients) to be connected and to
share resources
Lesson 6
One of the main goals of the operating system is

to make the resources appear as though they
are running from the client computer

Summary
Hardware refers to the tangible, physical computer

equipment that can be seen and touched.
Software is a set of instructions that tells the
computer what to do; software also is called a
program.
Lesson 6
The two basic types of computer software are

applications software and system software.
Applications software also is known as productivity
software.

Summary
System software coordinates and controls the

resources and operations of a computer system.
Three major categories of system software are
operating systems, utilities, and language
translators.
Operating systems provide an interface between the
Lesson 6
user and application program and the computer

hardware.
Utility programs help users complete specialized
tasks such as file management.

Summary
Language translators convert English-like software

programs into machine language.
A programmer uses a programming language to
write program statements.
All computers have operating systems.
Lesson 6
The user interface is the part of the operating system

with which we are most familiar.
The two most common user interfaces are
command-line interfaces and graphical user
interfaces.

Summary
The Mac operating system is used with Apples

Macintosh computers.
Icons are symbols that represent documents,
software programs, disks, and so forth.
DOS was introduced with the IBM PC in 1981 and is
a character-based operating system.
Lesson 6
Microsoft introduced the first version of Windows in

1983; this was an operating environment.
Windows 95 was Microsofts first true multitasking
operating system.

Summary
Windows Embedded CE is a scaled-down Windows

operating system used for small handheld
computers.
UNIX and Linux are portable operating systems.
Network operating systems allow a group of two or
Lesson 6
more microcomputers to be connected.

Several methods are available for sharing files on
different operating systems.

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Operating Systems

1 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

A set of instructions issued to the computer

2 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

There are two basic types of software:

System software is a group of programs that

Part of the system software, an operating

Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Unix

4 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Operating system: an interface between users and computers

5 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Utilities or Utility programs help you

backing up the hard drive

6 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

For example, the translator would change

7 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

All computers have operating systems

8 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Early computers used command-line interfaces

interface called DOS (Disk Operating System)

Command-line interface showing an example of the Ping

10 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) make

Most people use a mouse to click the icons

11 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Graphical user interface

12 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

13 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

14 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Windows Vista includes features such as live

15 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

16 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

17 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Embedded Operating Systems:

This operating system, which resides on a

operating system that can run on almost any

20 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

underlying source code can be used, freely modified,

21 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

22 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Booting is the process of starting a

Each operating system boots or starts the

23 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

1. Turn on your computer (based on Windows

3. Boot record is loaded into RAM

4. Software drivers are loaded

When loading the GUI, the operating system

Sharing Files on Different Operating Systems:

the ability to run programs for another OS

26 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Cold boot when you power up a computer by

Warm boot when the computer is already on and

Boot disk when you use a disk to start up the

27 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

The kernel manages the CPU

It remains in memory while the computer is running

28 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

The central component of most computer

29 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

It keeps track of the locations within main memory

This capability allows a computer to hold only the

30 Wells Computer Concepts BASICS

Queues, Buffers, and Spooling