Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Biostatistics
Comprehensive Sample
Types of data
Constant
Variables
Types of variables
Quantitative Qualitative
continuous nominal
Quantitative Qualitative
descrete ordinal
Methods of presentation of data
Numerical presentation
Graphical presentation
Mathematical presentation
1- Numerical presentation
Tabular presentation (simple complex)
Simple frequency distribution Table (S.F.D.T.)
Title
Name of variable
Frequency %
(Units of variable)
-
- Categories
-
Total
Table (I): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical
department of Alexandria hospital in May 2008 according
to their ABO blood groups
A 12 24
B 18 36
AB 5 10
O 15 30
Total 50 100
Table (II): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical
department of Alexandria hospital in May 2008 according
to their age
Age Frequency %
(years)
20-<30 12 24
30- 18 36
40- 5 10
50+ 15 30
Total 50 100
Complex frequency distribution Table
Table (III): Distribution of 20 lung cancer patients at the chest department
of Alexandria hospital and 40 controls in May 2008 according to smoking
Lung cancer
Total
Smoking Cases Control
No. % No. % No. %
Smoker 15 75% 8 20% 23 38.33
Non
smoker 5 25% 32 80% 37 61.67
Lung cancer
Total
Smoking positive negative
No. % No. % No. %
Smoker 15 65.2 8 34.8 23 100
Non
smoker 5 13.5 32 86.5 37 100
Line graph
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Histogram
Bar graph
Scatter plot
Pie chart
Statistical maps
rules
Line Graph
25
20
15
10
5
0
Age
25 35 45 55 65
8 Female
7 Male
6
Frequency
5
4
0
20- 30- 40- 50- 60-69
Age in years
Histogram
Distribution of a group of cholera patients by age
25
20
15
10
5
0
25
30
40
45
60
65
0
Age (years)
Figure (2): Distribution of 100 cholera patients at (place) , in (time)
by age
Bar chart
%
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
Bar chart
%
50
Male
40 Female
30
20
10
0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
Pie chart
Deletion
Inversion
3%
18%
Translocation
79%
Doughnut chart
Hospital B
DM
Hospital A IHD
Renal
3-Mathematical presentation
Summery statistics
Measures of location
1- Measures of central tendency
2- Measures of non central locations
(Quartiles, Percentiles )
Measures of dispersion
Summery statistics
1- Measures of central tendency (averages)
Midrange
Smallest observation + Largest observation
2
Mode
the value which occurs with the greatest
frequency i.e. the most common value
Summery statistics
1- Measures of central tendency (cont.)
Median
the observation which lies in the middle of the
ordered observation.
Standard error
Standard deviation SD
7 8
7 7
7 77
7 77
6 3 2
7
7 8 13
Mean = 7 9
Mean = 7 SD=0.63
SD=0
Mean = 7
SD=4.04
Standard error of mean SE
A measure of variability among means of samples
selected from certain population
S
SE (Mean) = n