Learning

Organic Chemistry
WHY YOU SHOULD STUDY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?
You are a future chemical engineer.
You will work in the field of industry

organic chemistry will be important part of your life

since most of industrial processes you will encounter will
organic reaction

A knowledge of organic chemistry even needed when a

process engineer has plan to specialize in the area of bio
technology processes
 TOP 10 REASONS
1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is recognised as an essential ingredient in the
education of scientists in a wide range of field, particularly LIFE SCIENCES

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is required for employment in INDUSTRIES make a

major contribution to the economies of most countries (modern oil,
pharmaceutical and chemical)

3. To learn more about ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGIES, e.g. the

plastics, oil, textiles, communications, transportation, food production and
processing, and drug industries.

4. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is needed in dealing with problems of energy

production, pollution, depletion of resources surround you daily

5. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is considered to be right at the INTERFACE between

the physical and biological sciences.
For a certain people
a student who want to obtain broad liberal art of education

Organic chemistry provides a fascinating area of natural

philosophy

Every subject, including organic chemistry

if we approach it in the proper frame of mind,
we will find it to be extremely stimulating intellectual pursuit

you will see that

organic chemistry has highly logical structure
since the chemist make much use of the
SIMBOLIC LOGIC
THE LOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGY
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

So a medical school value OC course as much for the exercises in

logical thinking
It is also said that
Organic chemistry has unique content as an art form

Why
The building of very complex organic compound architecture by
appropriate choice of sequential combination of reaction
provide synthesis method that as describe as elegant and beautiful

The design of an experiment in the reaction mechanism can be very

imaginative

Such elegantly conceived experiment can evoke delightful feeling of

pleasure, that one obtained from the appreciation of human creativity, in
the mind of knowledgeable spectator

So the unique work of art can only be appreciated by those who know
organic reaction and have try to design simple synthesis by themselves

As people said, only one who play chess can feel the pleasure following a
game between the grandmasters
 TOP 10 REASONS
6. To find out whats the big deal about CARBON.

7. To gain a good understanding of life AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL (i.e. for

biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology)

8. To learn organic chemistry "for understanding" rather than just memorisation to

achieve chemistry credits.

9. To learn how living organisms are capable of doing very complex

REACTIONS efficiently , in the condition of limited number of organic compounds, in the
absence of strong acids and bases, high temperatures, & nasty solvents, with only limited
production of wastes.

10. To find out how the spatial arrangements of those little ELECTRON clouds
can ultimately determine the structure, reactivity that in turn controls the
function of both small and huge organic molecules.
When you learn organic chemistry
Then you had better know its characteristic

So you can get the best of it

CHARACTERISTIC OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Relatively low factual content

Understanding concepts essential
Value of the subject lies in application of concepts
(problem solving)

The study of science, SUCH AS Organic

chemistry, is cumulative and progressive;

i.e. knowledge learned at one level (or subject) is then

applied at the next level (subject).
an introductory course in organic

Dr. Ir. Sukirno M.Eng

What the word ORGANIC means to you ?

A word that means one thing to one person might mean

something completely different to another person.

Example : football

In the United States, this In England this word

word refers to a game played
with an oval-shaped ball
that players pass with their
hands or hold with their
hands while they run with it.
refers to a game played with a
round ball
that players kick with their feet.
(In the United States people call
this game soccer.)
 The word ORGANIC

To many people,
organic means natural.

They say : something natural like compost is organic fertilizer,

.
while human-made or synthetic fertilizers are not organic

In chemistry
organic means carbon-based.

To a chemist,

An Organic Compound is any compound

whose molecules that contain carbon atom.
Why do chemists use the word organic so differently from
everyone else?

A long time ago the word organic was used to describe

anything that came from an organismanything that came
from a living thing.

Chemists who worked with substances found in living things

were called organic chemists.
 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Inorganic compounds Organic compound

Those were obtained from
Those were obtained from
mineral such as oxides,
vegetable and animal
acids, carbonates,
(Living Organism)
carbides
(simple carbon compounds, with
molecular structures which do not
contain carbon to carbon
connections )

At that time, they preferred to

direct their investigations toward
inorganic materials that seemed
more easily studied and more
promising.
 But, some curious chemists did try to explore more on organic
compound

Firstly, they learned how to turn plant and animal compounds into
all kinds of other things

Around 1816
Michel Chevreul started a study of SOAPS made
from various FATS and alkali.
He separated the different acids from the fats, then
He combined them with the alkali to produced the
soaps.
Soap still has something in common with fat (plant and animal
matter.
their molecules were still made of carbon atoms.

So all the chemist are doing is

taking apart its molecules and putting the atoms back
together in different ways

Or turn one substance into another

These works demonstrated that it was possible to make a

chemical change in various fats, producing new compounds,
without 'vital force'.
 Secondly, organic chemists also figured out how to synthesize an
animal compounds from nonliving materials.

In 1827 a chemist named Friedrich Whler was playing with some

mineral salts.

He accidentally made urea (carbamate), a compound found in urine

from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH4OCN

Most people have looked to this event as the turning

point to the destruction of the theory of vital force.
 Works on O.C open opertunity to generate a huge
amount of money,

in 1856
A great next step was when William Henry Perkin, while
trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally came to
manufacture the ORGANIC DYE

a colored substance that

has affinity to the
substrate to which it is
being applied

it greatly increased interest in organic chemistry.

 in 1874, Discovery of INSECTICIDE

Another step was the laboratory preparation of

DDT by Othmer Zeidler but

the insecticide properties of this compound were

not discovered until much later.
 The birth of PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

the first oil wells in Pennsylvania in 1859.

The history of organic chemistry continues with the
discovery of petroleum and its separation into fractions
according to boiling ranges.
The conversion of different compound types or individual
compounds by various chemical processes created the
petroleum chemistry leading to the birth of the
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY,
which successfully manufactured artificial rubbers, the
various organic adhesives, the property-modifying
petroleum additives, and plastics.
Organic chemists branched out even further. They
started making new carbon-based materials from
nonliving things. They made everything from
gasoline to plastics out of petroleum
the last decade of the 19th century

The first time A DRUG was systematically improved was

with arsphenamine (Salvarsan).

Paul Ehrlich and his group systematically synthesized

and tested numerous derivatives of the DANGEROUS
TOXIC, and the compound with best effectiveness and
toxicity characteristics was elected for production.
from the 20th century,
Synthesis of MOLECULES DESIGNED WITH SPECIFIC
PROPERTIES, as in drug design (The process of finding
new synthesis routes for a given compounds is called
total synthesis).
Total synthesis of COMPLEX NATURAL COMPOUNDS
started with urea, increased in complexity to glucose and
terpineol, and in 1907,
synthesis of complex HUMAN HORMONES and their
modified derivatives, for example cholesterol-related
compounds that benefits pharmaceutical industries.
Complexity of total syntheses has been increasing, with
examples such as VITAMIN B12.
 the 20th century,
BIOCHEMISTRY, the chemistry of living organisms, their
structure and interactions in vitro and inside living
systems, has only started in the 20th century, opening
up a brand new chapter of organic chemistry with
enormous scope.
Trends in organic chemistry include chiral synthesis,
green chemistry, microwave chemistry, fullerenes and
microwave spectroscopy

Organic chemicals are universal

organic chemistry grew to be the chemistry of all carbon
compounds, whether or not they came from living
things.

Petroleum, gasoline, and plastics are all carbon-based,

and so they came to be considered organic by
chemists.
So when we talk about organic chemists, were not
talking about chemists who only use all-natural
substances.

Were talking about chemists who make and study

compounds that are made of carbon, whether the
compounds are natural or synthetic.
So here we are today, with the word organic meaning
carbon-based to chemists.

Theres a real reason for chemists to have their own

meaning for the word organic, and it has to do with a
concern in chemistry for how substances behave.

A substance behaves or reacts the way it does because of

the atoms its molecules are made of, and how they are put
together.

This means carbon-based compounds should behave

differently from compounds based on other elements.
Therefore, it is useful for chemists to group carbon-based
compounds together because they are similar in a
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
or CARBON CHEMISTRY

Organic compounds are always

contained element carbon
definition

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds

of carbon, which, in combination with many other
elements (in particular H, N, O, S, P and the
halogens) form million compounds.

The simplest organic chemicals, called hydrocarbons, contain only

carbon and hydrogen atoms
 not all compound that contain carbon is a member class of
chemical compounds.

for historical reasons a few Inorganic Compounds:

types of compounds such CO2 - carbon dioxide
as carbonates, carbon H2CO3- carbonate
oxides and cyanides, as HCN cyanide
well as elemental carbon C- grafit
are considered inorganic.
If you look up Carbon (C) IN THE PERIODIC TABLE,
you figure out that it appears in the second row and has four bonding
electrons in its valence shell .

Similar to other non-metals, C needs eight electrons to achieve a

complete octet configuration satisfy its valence shell.

Carbon therefore forms four bonds with other atoms by sharing electron,
(each bond consisting of 1 e of carbon + 1e of other atom).

Every valence electron participates in bonding,

thus the bonds of C are distributed evenly over the surface of atom.

These bonds form a tetrahedron (a pyramid with a spike at the top),

as illustrated below:
 THE UNIQUE ROLE OF CARBON
in bonding formation

1. C can form 4 bonds in three dimensions.

C can form STRONG COVALENT BONDS

TO BOTH ITSELF AND TO MANY OTHER ELEMENTS,

not many elements do! especially N, H, O, S, P & X ("halogens"),

do you know others?)
less commonly with many metals
( Li, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Cu, Co) and
a few non-metals(Si, Ge, As, B, etc.)
"organometallic chemistry" )
 THE UNIQUE ROLE OF CARBON
in bonding formation

2. These C-C bonds can lead to the formation of LINEAR,

BRANCHED & CYCLIC structures.

Can bond together to form chains, rings,

spheres, sheets, tube of almost any size.

3. C can form SINGLE, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS to

itself and N & O.
 As a result,
Over 20 MILLION chemical compounds are now known
and perhaps more hundred of new ones are reported
per annum.

Luckily, all these organic compounds can be trated

systematically by classifying them into only about 12-15
different functional groups :

alkane, alkene, alkyne, benzene,

alcohols, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, ester,
amines
alkyl halides (haloalkanes),
 HYDROCARBONS
alkane, alkene, alkyne, benzene

Alkanes are the first class of simple hydrocarbons and contain only
carbon-carbon single bonds.

The chemical formula for any alkane is

given by the expression CnH2n+2
The alkanes are named by combining a prefix that describes the
number of carbon atoms in the molecule with the root ending "ane".
the first ten alkanes are given in the following table.

Carbon Alkane Chemical Structural

Prefix
Atoms Name Formula Formula
1 Meth Methane CH 4 CH4
2 Eth Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3
3 Prop Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3
4 But Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3
5 Pent Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
6 Hex Hexane C6H14 ...
7 Hept Heptane C7H16
8 Oct Octane C8H18
9 Non Nonane C9H20
10 Dec Decane C10H22
The second class of simple hydrocarbons, the alkenes, consists of
molecules that contain at least one double-bonded carbon pair.

Alkenes follow the same naming convention used for alkanes.

A prefix (to describe the number of carbon atoms) is combined with
the ending "ene" to denote an alkene.
The chemical formula for the simple alkenes follows the expression
CnH2n. Because a pair of the carbon is double bonded, the alkenes
have two fewer H than the alkanes.

Alkynes are the third class of simple hydrocarbons.

It contain at least one triple-bonded carbon pair.
Similar to alkanes, and alkynes are named by combining a prefix with
the ending "yne" to denote the triple bond. The chemical formula for
the simple alkynes follows the expression CnH2n-2.
 As an example of such structure is the simplest hydrocarbon
(called methane) that contains a single carbon atom bonded to
four hydrogen atoms

Each H atom occupies the four corner of the tetrahedron shape.

in addition to hydrogen, carbon can bond to other carbon
atoms, as illustrated in the molecule ethane
In fact,
it can bond to itself in many different ways.
Carbon atoms can form long chains branched chains or cyclic chain
 Isomers

Because carbon can bond in so many different ways, a single

molecule can have different bonding configurations.

C6H14

Both molecules have identical chemical formulas

however, their structural formulas (and thus some chemical
properties) are different
in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds, the
neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple
bonds

So, there appears to be almost no limit

to the number of different structures that carbon can form.
 Multiple CarbonCarbon Bonds

Arenes have special

bonds that are
represented as
alternating single and
double C-C bonds in a
six-membered ring

Alkenes have a C-C

double bond
Alkynes have a
C-C triple bond
 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
In fact, GROUPS OF ATOMS with COMMON BONDING PATERN can occur
within organic molecules.
These groups of atoms are called functional groups.

One good example is the hydroxyl functional group.

The hydroxyl group consists of a single oxygen atom bound to a single
hydrogen atom (-OH).

The group of hydrocarbons that contain a hydroxyl functional group is called

alcohols
 Functional Groups
There are a wide variety of functional groups that
you should recognize

The FG affect the reactions, structure, and physical

properties of every compound in which they occur

It will be easier to recognize them, as we learn about

them in each chapter
 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

The group reacts in a typical way, generally

independent of the rest of the molecule

For example, the double bonds in

simple and complex alkenes
react with bromine in the same
way
Families of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds can be grouped into families

by their common structural features (functional
group)
 GROUPS WITH A CARBONOXYGEN
DOUBLE BOND (CARBONYL GROUPS)

Aldehyde: one hydrogen bonded to C=O

Ketone : two Cs bonded to the C=O
Carboxylic acid: OH bonded to the C=O
Ester : C-O bonded to the C=O
Amide : C-N bonded to the C=O
Acid chloride: Cl bonded to the C=O
Carbonyl C has partial positive charge (+)
Carbonyl O has partial negative charge (-).
 Three broad classes Organic
compound
Hydrocarbons
Compounds containing oxygen
Compounds containing nitrogen

50
 HYDROCARBONS
Alkane: single bonds, sp3 carbons
Cycloalkane: carbons form a ring
Alkene: double bond, sp2 carbons
Cycloalkene: double bond in ring
Alkyne: triple bond, sp carbons
Aromatic: contains a benzene ring

51
 COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

Alcohol: R-OH
Ether: R-O-R'
O
Aldehyde: RCHO
CH3CH2 C H
O
Ketone: RCOR'
CH3 C CH3

52
 CYCLIC ETHERS AND
KETONES

O
O

THF
(tetrahydrofuran) cyclopentanone

53
 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
Carboxylic Acid: RCOOH O

Acid Chloride: RCOCl C OH

Ester: RCOOR'
O
Amide: RCONH2 C Cl

O O
C NH C OCH3
2

=>
54
 CYCLIC ESTERS

O O

O O

Cyclic ester (cyclic ether and cyclic ketone)

55
 COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Amines: RNH2, RNHR', or R3N

Amides: RCONH2, RCONHR, RCONR2
Nitrile: RCN

O
CH3 C N

N CH3

=>
56
What ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
are we going to study ?

NAMING OF OC
IUPAC rules
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Basic Structure
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Electronic Structure
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Mechanism
 NAMING ORGANIC MOLECULES

To be able to name such vast numbers of possible molecules requires a

systematic approach consisting of a set of arbitrary rules which are
readily learned and applied to each molecule individually to generate the
name.

It called IUPAC nomenclature system.

Note :
Sometimes compounds have several different names.
the IUPAC name may not be the one most commonly used.
they may be the names invented for compounds because of their origin
or name were attempted by a nomenclature system before the IUPAC
system .
 The two basic features of the IUPAC name.

The element C and H, do not appear directly in the compound names, instead the
IUPAC system names a compound based on the number of carbon atoms linked
together in the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.

The compounds is grouped in families according to the functional

groups that they contain

The Root Names

the number of carbon atoms in the longest
parent name
continuous chain of carbon atoms
containing the functional group

Structure & bonding

Substituent Atom to atom connectivity
(other than the main chain) 3D shape (Stereochemistry)
 NAME OF STEREO ISOMER

Compounds may have the same atoms and bond connectivity but
differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms, such that the two
arrangements cannot be interconverted at room temperature.
These are called stereoisomers.

To name stereoisomers, the prefixes cis- and trans- are often

used

Example :
The rigid structure (prohibits free rotation of the atoms)
of a ring, even though it is made up of single bond

The rigid structure of a double bond

 Alkene Stereoisomers.
E/Z. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules.

Although many compounds can be named uniquely using the cis/trans

approach, there are compounds which cannot be so distinguished

To overcome this difficulty, the IUPAC system introduces a different

approach to alkene nomenclature.

In this approach, the two groups on each end of the double bond is
prioritized according to a set of arbitrary rules( Cahn-Ingold-Prelog
rules, and then names the stereomers according to the orientation
of the two highest priority groups.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PhASEs : Gas, LIQUID , Solid
melting/boiling points, Inter molecular forces
solubilities in various solvents, Interaction
Polarity dielectric constants,
spectral data)
 CHEMICAL REACTIVITY

Chemical reaction or chemical change involve the

breaking and making of chemical bonds.

It takes energy to break bonds or energy must be added

And some active species are produced

Reactivity is related to the level of how easy/difficult to

perform such a chemical reaction.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Stability of chemical species
Electronic structure
neutral atoms/molecules, Relative distribution of
anions, cations and electron in molecule
radicals, (delocalised), resonance
acidity/basicity
etc Chemical bonding

Stereochemical aspects

Formal charge
 Covalent Bond Breaking

Symmetrical i.e. Unsymmetrical i.e.

one e- remains with both e-s remains
each product with one product
fragment fragment

Homolytic cleavage Heterolytic cleavage

forms two radicals forms anion and
cation
 Heterolytic bond breaking
(polar reactions)

+ _
A B A B

NB: different arrow types for movement of one or two electrons

 ACID-BASE REACTIONS

Acid-base reactions involve transfer of protons from one molecule

(acid) to another (base). Here, acids act as proton donors and bases
as acceptors.

proton proton conjugate conjugate

donor accept base acid
s or

Arrhenius definition:
Acids dissociate in water releasing H3O+ ions; bases dissociate in water releasing OH ions.

Brnsted-Lowry definition:
Acids are proton (H+) donors, bases are proton acceptors;
 ACID-BASE REACTIONS

hydroxide ion hydrogen chloride

an electron donor
(a Lewis base) Electron acceptor
(a Lewis acid)

nucleophile electrophile

Lewis definition:
Acids are electron-pair acceptors, bases are electron-
pair donors;
69
 PSECIES PRODUCED BY BOND BREAKING

electrophile nucleophile

-OH
H+

Br+ :NH3

H H
C C
H H
ELECTROPHILES NUCLEOPHILES:

71
 Active species
1. NUCLEOPHILES (nucleus loving)
Electron-rich reagent that forms a bond by donating an
e- pair to an e- poor site

2. ELECTROPHILES (electron loving)

Electron-deficient reagent that forms a bond by
accepting an e- pair from a nucleophile

3. RADICALS
Species with an unpaired electron. The unpaired
electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive.
Homolytic bond breaking
(radical reactions)
 RADICAL (CHEMISTRY)

Chlorine gas can be broken down by UV light to form atomic chlorine

radicals.
CH3CH3 2 CH3

a single molecule breaks apart into two free radicals in thermal cracking
process which operated at (400C - 460 C)

Radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms, molecules, or

ions with unpaired electrons or an open shell configuration.
Free radicals may have positive, negative, or zero charge.
74
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Involves COVALENT BOND
BREAKING AND FORMATION

Types of reactions
ADDITION, Chemical Energetics .
(saturation, polimerization) (Thermodynamics,
Kinetics, Catalysis)
ELIMINATION
(dehydration, dehalogenation)
SUBSTITUTION, Solvent effects
(alkylation, esterification, tranesterifcation
REARRANGEMENT
isomerization
TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS
 1. ADDITION REACTIONS
two reactants add to form one product

H H Br H
C C + HBr H C C H
H H H H
 2. ELIMINATION REACTIONS
one reactant splits apart into two products
H Br H H
NaOH + HBr
H C C H C C
H H H H

The addition and its counterpart, the elimination, are reactions

which change the number of substituents on the carbon atom, and
form multiple bonds.

Double and triple bonds can be produced by eliminating a

suitable leaving group.
 3. SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
Two reactants exchange parts

H H
hv
H C H Cl Cl H C Cl H Cl
H H
 4. REARRANGEMENT REACTIONS
One reactant rearranges its bonds to
yield a different product

CH3CH2 H CH3 H
acid
C C C C
H H H CH3

This is also called Isomerization reaction

the stuctural arrangement of a compound is changed but its net
atomic composition remains the same.
 ORGANIC REACTION

A reaction will occur when there is an energetically

favorable path by which electrons can flow from the
electron source ("donor") to the electron acceptor
("sink")".

Obviously, you need to know the regions in molecules,

which are electron rich ("nucleophilic sites") or electron
poor ("electrophilic sites") to be capable of predicting the
relative electronic density over a molecule.

The most probable product (major product) of a

reaction results from the best electron source
attacking the best electron sink.
 NUCLEOPHILE & ELECTROPHILE
A nucleophile ("nucleus loving!") is a Lewis base (electron pair
donor) that acts as an electron source.

Nucleophiles can be negatively charged or neutral but must have

"lone pairs" or p electrons (Nu:B or Nu: or >C=C<, ROH, RNH2,
etc.).

An electrophile ("electron loving!") is a Lewis acid (electron pair

acceptor) that acts as an electron sink.

Electrophiles can be neutral, a radical, or positively charged.

Most bonds are formed by the "attack" of a nucleophile on an

electrophile
 FROM GENERAL CHEMISTRY?

1. Electronic Structures & Chemical Bonding

orbitals & various kinds of covalent bonds, polarity, electronegativity, molecular geometry.

2. Inter- & intra-molecular forces Melting Point, Boiling Point, and solubility

3. Acidity & Basicity in polar and non-polar solvents

Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids/bases

4. Chemical Energetics . (This subject is extremely important!)

(a) Thermodynamicsenthalpy, entropy, Gibbs Free Energy equation, spontaneous
reactions, exo- & endo thermic (and exo- & endogonic) reactions, position of equilibrium and
Keq *Go= -RT lnKeq, Energy reaction profiles
(b) Kineticsenergy of activation (*H?)/*G?, transition states, Arrhenius equation *G? = -RT
lnk (where k is the rate constant a measure of relative speed of reaction) sequential reactions
and rate determining step
(c) Catalysisstabilisation of the transition state.

5. Spectroscopy and spectra and Lambert-Beer law of absorption spectroscopy

(laboratory experiments)

6. Mathematics! Inter conversion between pH->[H+], [H+] -->pH,

pKa -->Ka, & Ka --->pKa. NOTE lower "p" upper case "H or K"
What We Are going to Learn?
 Before Midtest) Week Ket
1 INTRODUCTION : 1
Reason to study and characteristic of organic chemistry, history highlight of organic compound, Hydrocarbon , Functional group , Family of organic compound,
aspect in organic molecule (naming, physical , chemical reactivity, chemical reactions)

GROUP ASSIGNMENT
2 NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: 1,2
Straight chain (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) and ring chain hydrocarbon : rootname, numbering locant, complex substituent, prioritization of double bond,
Halogen, oxygen, nitrogen containing compound : rootname pattern (prefix, suffix), prioritization of functional group, numbering locant
STEREO ASPECT OF HYDROCARBON AND NAMING E/Z , R/S
Structural isomer, Conformer (Rotation around single bond ), Newman Projection,
Stereoisomer (Rigid structure of double bond ) Cis/trans and E/Z structure designation , Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules, Enantiomer and R/S structure designation), 3-D drawing

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES RELATIONSHIPS 1,2

Structure basic 1 :
Shape of Molecules: Atomic Orbitals, Covalent bond, sigma bond and pi bond, Hybridization of carbon orbital : Sp3 (single bond, tetrahedral), Sp2
(double bond, planar),sp (triple, linier),, Non covalent Interaction : electrogenativity , dipole interaction, London dispersion, hydrogen bond,
Physical properties : Phases, boiling & melting point, polarity, solubility,

3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES/REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS 2

Structure Basics 2 :
Stable Species/molecule (duplet, Octet) : Electron Valence, ionic and covalent bond,
Active species : electron rich (anion , nucleophile, donor), electron deficient (cation, electrophile, acceptor), odd number (radical, single element)
Active site of chemical species : Drawing Electron-Dot Formulas, (Lewis Structure), Formal charges, Introduction of Chemical reaction)

4 REACTION OF HIDROCARBON 2,3

Reactivity of alkane : stable sigma bond (low energy level)

FREE RADICAL REACTION (HALOGENATION AND CRACKING

ADDITION REACTION OF DOUBLE BOND (ALKENES)
Chemical reactivity of double bond of alkene : pi bond (higher energi level, electron rich site)
Electrofilic addition mechanism : acid catalysis, carbocation, Markovnikov rules, carbocation stability and rearrangement , and antiMarkovnikov rules,
Addition Polymerization of alkene : Cationic and Free Radical mechanisme

SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUND

Chemical reactivity of Benzene ring (resonance double bond) : aromaticity
Electrofilic Substitution Mechanisme : acid catalysis, alkylation, nitration, acylation

PRESENTASI TOPIC 1 CRACKING REACTION 4

PRESENTASI TOPIC 2 ADDITION REACTION OF DOUBLE BOND 5,

PRESENTASI TOPIC 3 SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUND 6

MID TEST 7
 Topic (AFTER MiDtest) Wee Ket
k
MIDTEST 7

1 SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTION OF HALOALKANES/ALCOHOL 1

Reactivity of haloalkane and alcohol group,
Nucleofilic substition mechanism : SN2, SN1, E1,E2
Influenced of reactant structure, nucleophility, solvent, temperature on SN1, SN2 an
E1 and E2
2 SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTION OF CARBOXYL GROUP 2
Reactivity of carboxyl group
Nucleofilic substition mechanism : acid catalysis
Esterification,
3 PRESENTATION TOPIC IV 3
Substitution Reaction (Haloalkanes, Alcohols) Reaction
PRESENTATION TOPIC V 4
Elimination Reaction (Haloalkane, Alcohol)reaction
PRESENTATION TOPIC VI 5
Substitution reaction (carbonyl compounds)
PRESENTATION TOPIC VII 6
Substitution of (carboxyl compound)
FINAL TEST 7
We are going to learn organic chemistry through
naming, identifying physical/chemical properties,
and describing reaction mechanism of
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
especially the MANUFACTURED PRODUCT
 reaction mechanism

REACTANT PRODUCT

Naming
Naming Usage :
Physical properties Physical properties
Chemical reactivity Chemical reactivity

Mechanical properties
Chemical structure Electrical properties
Comparison to other similar Etc.
compound
 PRESENTATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS

INTRO
Product name, functional group classification
Product usage
Product special characteristic (Physical/ chemical/ mechanical
properties) that support its function

MAIN POINTS
Explanation of the reason for having such special
characteristic
3D Structure
Non kovalen interaction
elektronik distribution etc.

Describing the complete reaction mechanism of their

synthesis

CLOSING
 EVALUATION
Quis +HW 25%
Report Presentation 25%
Midtest 25%
Final Test 25%
Different Types of Chemistry

Organic chemistry
 Organic chemistry

is a sub-field of chemistry that involves studying the

molecules of life.

It is mainly concerned with looking at the structure and

behavior of these molecules, which are composed of only a
few different types of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and a few miscellaneous others. These are the
atoms used to construct the molecules that all plants and
animals require for their survival.

Traditional organic chemists are concerned with synthesizing

new molecules and with developing new reactions that might
make these syntheses more efficient.
 Organic chemistry

The kinds of molecules organic chemists synthesize include useful things

like drugs, flavorings, preservatives, fragrances, plastics (polymers), and
agricultural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides), and sometimes include
unusual molecules found in nature or ones that might simply provide a
challenge to make.
Also, understanding something about organic chemistry is essential for
learning about biochemistry and molecular biology because bio-
molecules such as proteins, sugars, fats, and nucleic acids (DNA and
RNA) are all organic molecules, albeit very large ones.

Students who concentrate in organic chemistry typically go on to work in

pharmaceutical, food or polymer companies, do research or teach in
organic chemistry, pursue medical careers, or may pursue other related
job opportunities.
 Organic chemicals are universal

Manufactured Geological matter

products Fossil Fuels
Other

Organic
Chemicals

Biological matter Atmospheric

Plants and
Animals cosmic matter
Microbes
 manufactured products
Methanol/Ethanol
Natural gas

LPG Peat/Turf

Fuels

Petrol

Coal
Diesel
 manufactured products

Fibre
Fats & Oils
Vitamins

Sugars

Foods
Flavourings
Dietary supplements

Anti-oxidants
Colourants
 manufactured products
Plastics
Coatings & lacquers
Fibres & clothings

Paper
Films Materials
Packaging
Wound dressings
Medical implants
 manufactured products

Lubricants Detergents
Cosmetics Surfactants
Fragrances Emulsifiers
Pigments Coolants
Dyes Photographic agents
Inks Anti-scalants
Adhesives Forensic chemicals
Explosives Liquid crystal displays
 manufactured products
Imaging agents
Medicines Veterinary medicines

Disinfectants Bio-active Herbicides

products
Antiseptics Pesticides

Fertilizers Fungicides

Plant growth hormones

 Biological matters
Sugars Natural fibres
Proteins Antibiotics
Fats & oils Fermentation
Vitamins products
DNA & RNA Natural flavours
Wood Natural fragrances
Natural rubber Plant & microbial
Essential oils products
Bio-matter
 Analytical chemistry
is the science of identification and quantification of materials in a
mixture.

Analytical chemists may invent procedures for analysis, or they

may use or modify existing those procedures. They also
supervise, perform, and interpret the analysis.

Students concentrating in analytical chemistry often go on to

work in forensics laboratories, environmental or pharmaceutical
companies, work in, manage and/or design quality assurance
procedures, pursue research, or teach in colleges and
universities.
Physical chemistry is the study of the fundamental physical principles
that govern the way that atoms, molecules, and other chemical
systems behave. Physical chemists study a wide array of topics such
as the rates of reactions (kinetics), the way that light and matter interact
(spectroscopy), how electrons are arranged in atoms and molecules
(quantum mechanics), and the stabilities and reactivities of different
compounds and processes (thermodynamics). In all of these cases,
physical chemists try to understand what is happening on an atomic
level, and why.Students who concentrate in physical chemistry may go
onto pursue careers in industry, research or teaching.A lot of the
current physical chemistry research in industry and academia
combines the techniques and ideas from several fields.For example,
some chemists apply physical chemistry techniques to investigations of
the mechanisms of organic reactions (what collisions and bond
rearrangements occur, how fast are they, how many steps are there,
etc.) - this type of study is called physical organic chemistry. Others
apply physical techniques to the study of biological systems (why do
proteins fold into the shapes that they have, how is structure related to
function, what makes a nerve work, etc.) - this type of study is
biophysical chemistry. Still others may use physical techniques to
characterize polymers or study environmental systems.
Inorganic chemistry is commonly thought of as those areas within
chemistry that do not deal with carbon. However, carbon is very important
in many inorganic compounds, and there is a whole area of study known
as organometallic chemistry that is truly a hybrid of the traditional
disciplines of organic and inorganic chemistry. Some areas of inorganic
chemistry that are especially important are catalysis, materials chemistry,
and bioinorganic chemistry. Catalysts are chemical entities that increase
the rate of a reaction without being consumed, and are typically based
upon transition metals (usually) organometallic complexes of transition
metals).This is an extremely important area to industry, and many of the
chemists who would be identified as inorganic or organometallic chemists
work in this area. Materials Chemistry is an area concerned with the
design and synthesis of materials that allow the advance of technologies
in nearly every area of society. Often, inorganic chemists working in this
area are concerned with the synthesis and characterization of solid state
compounds or inorganic polymers such as silicones. Bioinorganic
chemists study the function of metal-containing compounds within living
organisms. Students who concentrate in inorganic chemistry often go on
to work in industry in polymer or materials science, do research or teach
in inorganic chemistry, or pursue other related job opportunities.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical principles underlying basic
biological systems.

Fundamentally, biochemical research aims to characterize the link

between the structure and function of biological macromolecules.

More specifically, biochemical research has provided a more

comprehensive understanding in regenerative medicine, infectious
disease, organ/tissue transplantation, clinical diagnostics and genetic
disease.

Students who concentrate in biochemistry go on to pursue extremely

successful careers in medicine, research, and business.