THERMODYNAMIC FIRST

LAW

02 October 2017
 1) First Law of
Thermodynamics

2) Energy Balance
5) Energy Balance in Closed System
for Unsteady Flow
Processes

INTRODUCTION

4) Some steady 3)Energy Balance

flow Engineering for Steady Flow
Devices System

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 1) FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
In physics, thermodynamics is the study of energy
conversion between heat and mechanical work, and
subsequently the macroscopic variables such as
temperature, volume and pressure.
The starting point for most thermodynamic
considerations are the laws of thermodynamics,
which postulate that energy can be exchanged
between physical systems as heat or work.
They also postulate the existence of a quantity
named entropy, which can be defined for any
isolated system that is in thermodynamic
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 ZEROTH LAW
If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal
equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
When two systems are put in contact with each
other, there will be a net exchange of energy
between them unless or until they are in thermal
equilibrium. That is the state of having equal
temperature.

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 ZEROTH LAW

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 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Conservation of Energy.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can
only change forms
In any process in an isolated system, the total energy
remains the same.
For a thermodynamic cycle the net heat supplied to
the system equals the net work done by the system.
The first law can be expressed as the fundamental
thermodynamic relation:

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2) ENERGY BALANCE IN CLOSED
SYSTEM
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM

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 EXAMPLE 1
A closed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an adiabatic
process. The work done on the system is 30 kJ. The
velocity of the system changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s.
During the process, the elevation of the system
increases 45 meters. Determine the change in
internal energy of the system.

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 SOLUTION 1

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 EXAMPLE 2
Steam at 1100 kPa and 92 percent quality is heated
in a rigid container until the pressure is 2000 kPa. For
a mass of 0.05 kg, calculate the amount of heat
supply (in kJ) and the total entropy change (in
kJ/kg.K)

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Closed System First Law of a Cycle

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BOUNDARY WORK

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 EXAMPLE 3

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 EXAMPLE 4

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3)ENERGY BALANCE FOR
STEADY FLOW SYSTEM

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4) SOME STEADY FLOW
ENGINEERING DEVICES

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 NOZZLE AND DIFFUSER
Nozzle - device that increases the
velocity fluid at the expense of pressure.
Diffuser - device that increases pressure
of a fluid by slowing it down.
Commonly utilized in jet engines,
rockets, space-craft and even garden
hoses.
Q = 0 (heat transfer from the fluid to
surroundings very small )
W = 0 and PE = 0
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ENERGY BALANCE FOR
NOZZLE AND DIFFUSER

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 EXAMPLE 5
Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300C, enters an
adiabatic nozzle with a low velocity and
leaves at 0.2 MPa with a quality of 90%.
Find the exit velocity.

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 EXAMPLE 6
Air at 10C and 80 kPa enters the diffuser
of a jet engine steadily with a velocity of
200 m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is
0.4 m2 . The air leaves the diffuser with
a velocity that is very small compared
with the inlet velocity. Determine (a) the
mass flow rate of the air and (b) the
temperature of the air leaving the
diffuser

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 COMPESSOR AND TURBINE

Turbine a work producing device

through the expansion of a fluid.
Compressor -(as well as pump and fan) -
device used to increase pressure of a
fluid and involves work input.
Q = 0 (well insulated), PE = 0, KE = 0
(very small compare to enthalpy)
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ENERGY BALANCE FOR
TURBINE

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 ENERGY BALANCE FOR
COMPRESSOR, PUMP AND FAN

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 EXAMPLE 7

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 EXAMPLE 8
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed
steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The mass
flow rate of the air is 0.02 kg/s, and a
heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the
process. Assuming the changes in kinetic
and potential energies are negligible,
determine the necessary power input to
the compressor.

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THROTTLING VALVE

Flow-restricting devices
that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid.
Some familiar examples
are ordinary adjustable
valves and capillary tubes.
h2=h1
u1 + P1v1 = u2 + P2v2
Internal energy + Flow
Energy = constant 32
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 EXAMPLE
Refrigerant 134-a enters the capillary tube of
a refrigerator as saturated liquid at 0.8MPa
and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12MPa.
Determine the quality of the refrigerant at
the final state and the temperature drop
during the process.

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MIXING CHAMBER

The section where the

mixing process takes
place.
An ordinary T-elbow or a
Y-elbow in a shower, for
example, serves as the
mixing chamber for the
cold- and hot-water
streams.

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ENERGY BALANCE FOR
MIXING CHAMBER

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HEAT EXCHANGER

Devices where two

moving fluid streams
exchange heat without
mixing.
Heat exchangers typically
involve no work
interactions (w = 0) and
negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes
for each fluid stream.
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 EXAMPLE 9
Liquid sodium, flowing at 100 kg/s, enters a
heat exchanger at 450C and exits at 350C.
The specific heat of sodium is 1.25 kJ/kg.C.
Water enters at 5000 kPa and 20 C.
Determine the minimum mass flux of the
water so that the water does not completely
vaporize. Neglect the pressure drop through
the exchanger. Also, calculate the rate of
heat transfer.

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