DESIGN CONCEPT

OF RCC STRUCTURAL MEMBRS

By
Colonel. P Nallathambi
Structural Consultant
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN IS AN ART,

BUT CERTAIN RULES ARE TO BE FOLLOWED,

DESIGN PHILASHOPY VARY FROM DESIGNER

TO DESIGNER
STRUCTURAL DESIGN IS AN ITERATIVE PROCESS

OF APPLYING ENGINEERING MECHANICS AND

PAST EXPERIENCE TO CREATE A FUNCTIONAL,

ECONOMIC, AND, MOST IMPORTANTLY, SAFE

STRUCTURE FOR THE PUBLIC TO ENJOY.

THE FLOW OF FORCES IS INITIALLY UNDERSTOOD
DIAGRAMATICALLY AND MATHEMATICALLY.

BASED ON THIS SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING,

SKETCHES OF MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS ARE
DEVELOPED.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN WHICH IS HIGHLY EXPRESSIVE OF

THE FLOW OF FORCES IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH
MODERN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN INCLUDES ACCOMMODATION FOR

THE PRACTICALITIES OF CONSTRUCTION, INCLUDING
ON SITE ASSEMBLY, SHOP ASSEMBLED COMPONENTS,
ACCESSIBILITY, AND MAINTENANCE.
 COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF IS CODES.

KNOWLEDGE ON CIVIL ENGG ASPECTS ARTICLES

AND PRESENTATION, BOOKS & INTERNET.

DUCTILING DETAILMENT OF RCC STRUCTURES.

TUTORIAL DRS, RCC NOTES ETC.

FAMILIAR WITH ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SOFTWARE.

SIMPLE DESIGN USING EXCELL SHEET.

INTERNATIONAL CODES AND DESIGN PROCEDURE.

KNOWLEDGE IN ACAD.
 A STRUCTURE IS DESIGNED FOR:
1. Strength- Tension, Compression, Shear, Flexure
and Torsion.

2. Stability- Sliding, Overturing, Sinking, Settlement.

3. Durability Corrosion, Chemical attack.

4. Serviceability- Deflection, Vibration, Cracks.

5. Safety- Fire, Collapse, Earthquake.

6. Economy Less cost of construction and Maint.

 MATERIALS AND OTHER DECIDING FACTORS
DURING CONSTRUCTION
1. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

2. GRADE OF CONCRETE

3. MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT

4. WATER CEMENT RATION (W/C Ratio)

5. COVER

6. GRADE OF STEEL

7. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH (Ld)

CORROSION MAP The map describing corrosion patterns in India shows
macroscopic differences between areas, with coastal
regions being the most severe. The map is adapted
from work we were led to believe was carried out
by the Central Electrochemical Research Institute
(CECRI) in the early 1970s.
MIN DIMENSION OF RCC MEMBER FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
 DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS IN CONCRETE
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH Ld BE
PROVIDED FOR BOTH SIDE OF THE
MEMBER.

Ld DEPENDS ON:-

GRADE OF CONCRTE;
GRADE OF STEEL;
DIA OF BARS;

IN ANY RE-BAR, Ld LENGTH BE

CONSIDER AS EXTRA AND NOT
TO RESIST ANY STRESSESS.

DEFORMED BARS HAVE INCREASED

BOND STRESS THAN MILD STEEL.
HENCE NO HOOKS ARE PROVIDED.

Ld= *s/(4bd)= * 0.87 fy/ (4Tbd)

 BOND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Para 26.2.1.1, IS 456 Design Bond Stress in Limit State Design
Ld= *s/(4bd)= * 0.87 fy/ (4Tbd)

Grade of Concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 >=M40

Design Bond Stress in Plain Bar N/Sqmm 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
Design Bond Stress in Deformed Bar N/Sqmm
(1.6Times) 1.76 1.92 2.24 2.4 2.72 3.04
Design Bond Stress in Deformed Bar in comp
N/Sqmm (1.25Times) 2.2 2.4 2.8 3 3.4 3.8

Design Bond Stress in Deformed Bar is increased by 1.6 Times.

Design Bond Stress in compression is increased by 1.25 times

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS

fy
N/Sqmm Tension Bars Compression Bars
M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
415 48 41 38 34 30 38 33 31 27 24
500 57 49 46 40 36 46 39 37 32 29
550 63 54 50 44 36 50 43 40 36 32
Strength of concrete for various periods

Period Strength
7 days 2/3 of 28day strength
28 days 1.0
2 months 1.1
3 months 1.16
6 months 1.2
12 months 1.24

(Table 5.1-p298-Properties of Concrete

by Adam Neville)
 Nominal Mixes

Grade Mix
M10 1:3:6

M15 1:2:4

M20 1:1 1/2 :3

 For Very Small Jobs

For very small jobs and when the 28-day strength of

concrete does not exceed 20 N/mm2,

Nominal mixes may be used.

Disadvantage in using Nominal Mix

Wide variation in Strength

 Designed Mixes
The mix proportions are determined in the laboratory
/ by the producer of concrete.

This is most rational approach to the selection of mix

proportions with specific materials in mind possessing
more or less unique characteristics.
 What is Mix Design ?

Selection of suitable ingredients

Determining their relative proportions

Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Water

 Objective
To produce an economical concrete of required

Strength
Durability
Workability
 Purpose of Mix Design
Mix Design is process of selecting suitable
ingredients of concrete and to optimize their
relative proportions to meet the requirements of
design, i.e.,
Complies with the specifications of structural
strength requirement.
Complies with the durability requirements in
the environment in which it is used.
Meets the workability requirement.
Is economical without sacrificing the above
requirements.
 Basic Parameters for Mix Design
Characteristic strength of concrete (Grade of Concrete).
Degree of quality control expected to be exercised at
construction site.
Type and maximum size of aggregate.
Degree of workability (slump or compaction factor).
Type of exposure condition.
Standard Deviation of compressive strength of concrete.

Test data on materials required..

Sp. Gravity of cement
Test data on cement
Sp. Gravity and water absorption of coarse and fine aggregate
Grading of coarse and fine aggregates
 DESIGN MIX CONCRETE
IF TENDER SPECIFIES M30 GRADE (DESIGN MIX). ENSURE THE DESIGN
MIX BE GOT DONE FROM THE APPROVED LAB BY THE BUILDER.

CHECK THAT THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS SPECIFIED IN

TENDER ARE MET WITH:

GRADE OF CONCRETE M30

TYPE OF CEMENT OPC 43 GDE
MAXIMUM NOMINAL SIZE OF AGGREGATE 20MM
MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT 360 KG/CUM
MAXIMUM WATER CEMENT RATIO 0.45
EXPOSURE CONDITIONS MODERATE
WORKABILITY (SLUMP) 75 100
DEGREE OF SUPERVISION GOOD

ENSURE FRESH DESIGN MIX BE GOT DONE BY THE BUILDER

IN CASE OF CHANGE OF SOURCE OR QUALITY/ CHARACTERISTIC
PROPERTIES OF THE INGREDIENTS DURING THE WORK.
 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
CONCRETE IS STRONG IN COMPRESSION 28
DAYS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS fck / Mfck.

CONCRTE IS WEAK IN TENSION, TENSILE

STRENGTH = 0.15 fck, NOT CONSIDERED IN
DESIGN.

YOUNGS MODULUS OF CONCRTE,

EC =5700* SQRT(fck).

CONCRTE IS ELATIC FOR ITS COMPRESSIVE

STRAIN IS UPTO 0.002.

ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRAIN IS

0.0035,FURTHER CRUSHED OUT.

CRACKS IN CONCRETE STRATS FROM STRAIN

LIMIT 0.002 AND BREAKS AT 0.0035.

PROVISION LATERAL RFT (CONFINED

CONCRETE) ie TIES WILL INCREASE THE
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BEYOND ELASTIC
LIMIT.

BOND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE IS VERY

IMPORTANT TO HOLD STEEL INSIDE THE
CONCTRE.
 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
HYDRATED CEMENT PASTE AND AGGREGATE EXHIBIT
LINEAR STRESS-STRAIN RELATION.

INITIAL LINEAR PORTION UP TO ABOUT 30 40%

OF THE ULTIMATE LOAD.

THE CURVE BECOMES NON-LINEAR, WITH LARGE STRAINS

FOR SMALL INCREMENTS OF STRESS.

THE NON-LINEARITY IS PRIMARILY A FUNCTION OF THE

COALESCENCE OF MICRO CRACKS AT THE
PASTE-AGGREGATE INTERFACE.

LARGE CRACK NETWORK IS FORMED WITHIN THE CONCRETE AT THE ULTIMATE STRESS.

MICRO CRACKING TRANSFORM THE STORED STRAIN ENERGY INTO THE SURFACE ENERGY
OF CRACK FACES.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRACK IS A REDUCTION IN THE EFFECTIVE AREA RESISTING

THE APPLIED LOAD.

WHEN THE APPLIED STRESS INCREASES BEYOND 70% OF THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH, MORTAR
CRACKING DEVELOPS AND THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE BENDS OVER AT AN INCREASING RATE.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTINUOUS CRACK REDUCES THE LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY.

 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIAL BEHAVIOR ARE:- DEFLECTION VS STRESS CURVE
FOR PASTE, MORTAR AND CONCRETE.
STRAIN - HARDENING MATERIAL - STEEL.
1. PASTE IS BRITTLE AND BREAKS
ELASTIC- PLASTIC-RUBBER SUDDENLY.

CONCRETE - STRAIN SOFTENING 2. MOTAR HAS SOME STRENGTH TO

(MATERIAL WHICH INDICATES A REDUCTION IN STRESS
BEYOND THE PEAK VALUE WITH AN INCREASE
IN THE DEFORMATION)
AVOID BRITTLE FAILURE.
3. CONCRETE POSESS MUCH MORE
STRENGTH TO WITHSTAND BRITTLE
FAILURE.

4. CRACKING PATTERNA ARE SHOWN.

 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

UNCONFINED CONCRETE BREAKS SUDDENLY WHEN

ULTIMATE STRAIN IS REACHED.

CONFINED CONCRETE INCREASE ITS COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY BEYOND ULTIMATE STARIN.

PROVISION OF CLOSER TIES (LATERAL RFT) WILL MAKE

THE CONCRETE CONFINED.

DUCTILITY PROPERTY IN CONCRETE IMRPOVES THE

PERFOMANCE DURING EARTQUAKE LOADS.

SPIRAL TIE RFT IS BETTER THAN REACTANGULAR TIES.

 PROPERTIES OF STEEL
REBARS IS MADE UP OF IRON, CARBON AND ALLOYS

IRON AND CARBON IS CALLED CARBON STEEL

IRON, CARBON, NICKEL, CHROMIUM AND VANADIUM

CALLED ALLOY STEEL

SOFT CARBON STEEL HAS < 0.45 % OF CARBON

HARD CARBON STEEL HAS > 0.50 % OF CARBON

CARBON GIVES STRENGTH AND HARDNESS. MORE CARBON

DECREASE DUCTILITY, MALLEABILITY AND TOUGHNESS

TENSILE STERENGTH, HARDNESS AND ELASTIC LIMIT

INCREASES WITH INCREASE OF CARBON CONTENT UP TO 1 %

CARBON CONTENT
UPTO 0.25% MILD OR SOFT STEEL
0.25 TO 0.7% MEDIUM CARBON STEEL
0.70 TO 1.25% HIGH CARBON STEEL
OVER 1.25 % EXTRA HARD STEEL
 CARBON GIVES CARBON DECREASE

STRENGTH AND HARDNESS DUCTILITY, MALLEABILITY

AND TOUGHNESS
TENSILE STERENGTH,
HARDNESS AND ELASTIC
LIMIT INCREASES WITH
INCREASE OF CARBON
CONTENT UP TO 1 %

IT IS NECESSARY TO HAVE ALL THE PROPERTY OF ABOVE.

THEREFORE, STEEL IS GIVEN TREATMENT TO GET MORE STRENGTH
AND HAREDNESS WITHOUT ADDING MORE CARBON, SO THAT
DUCTALITY AND TOUGHNESS ARE MAINTAINED.

TREATMENT TO STEEL

1. COLD TREATMENT.

2. HEAT TREATMENT- HARDENING, CARBURISING, TEMPERING

AND ANNEALING (SOFTENING) ETC.
 WHAT IS QST ?
(a) Quenching - The hot rolled bar leaving the final mill stand is
rapidly quenched by a special water spry system. This hardens the
surface of the bar to a depth optimised for each section through
formation of martensitic rim while the core remains hot and
austenitic.

(b) Self Tempering - When the bar leaves the quenching box, the
core remains hot compared to the surface allowing heat to flow from
to the surface causing tempering the outer martensitic layer into a
structure called Tempered Martensite. The core still remains
austenitic at the stage.

(c) Atmospheric Cooling - This takes place on the cooling bed

where austenitic core transformed into ductile ferrite pearlite
structure. Thus the final structure consists of an optimum
combination of strong outer layer (tempered martensite) with ductile
core (ferrite pearlite). This gives its unique combination of higher
strength and ductility.
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL
RE-BAR IS STRONG BOTH IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION

PARA 5.3 OF IS 13920, STEEL REINFORCEMENTS OF GRADE FE 415 OR LESS ONLY

SHALL BE USED.

HOWEVER, HIGH STRENGTH DEFORMED STEEL BARS, PRODUCED BY THE

THERMO-MECHANICAL TREATMENT PROCESS, OF GRADES FE 500 AND FE 550,
HAVING ELONGATION MORE THAN 14.5 PERCENT AND CONFORMING TO
OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF IS 1786 : 1985 MAY ALSO BE USED FOR THE
REINFORCEMENT.
 FLEXURAL STRESS IN A CONCRETE BEAM
The beam is a structural member used to
support the internal moments and shears.

It would be called a beam-column if a

compressive force existed.
C = T; C*(jd) = T*(jd)

The stress in the

block is defined as:
s = (M*y) / I
Sxx = I / (ymax)
The equation for Sxx
modulus for
calculating
maximum
compressive
stress.
 STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM IN CONCRETE BEAM

Behaviour of Concrete Beam in five stages and stress and

stain pattern during Loading process .

Stage 1: No external loads self weight.

 STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM IN CONCRETE BEAM
Stage 2: the external load P cause the bottom fibers to equal
to modulus of rupture of the concrete. Entire concrete section
was effective, steel bar at tension side has same strain as
surrounding concrete.
 STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM IN CONCRETE BEAM
Stage 3: The tensile strength of the concrete exceeds the rupture fr and
cracks develop. The neutral axis shifts upward and cracks extend to
neutral axis. Concrete loses tensile strength and steel starts working
effectively and resists the entire tensile load.
 FLEXURAL STRESS
Stage 4: The reinforcement yields.
Stage 5: Failure of the beam.
 DEVELOPMENT OF CRACK PATTERN IN RCC BEAM
The three stages of Loading on the RCC beam.
Stage 1: No external loads acting on the beam.
Stage 3: Service load on the beam.
Stage 5: Failure load on the beam.
 M- Diagram during Different stages of Loading

The moment-
curvature diagram
show the five stages
of the beam.
The plot is of the
curvature angle, f ,
verse the moment.
f = (e / y) = [ s / E ] / y
= [(My / I) / E] / y
f=M/(EI)
PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS IN RAFT CONCRETE
 FAILURE OF RCC BEAM
The beam fails first in shear and the second beam fails in
bending moment.
 DUCTILITY
A DUCTILE MATERIAL IS THE ONE THAT CAN
UNDERGO LARGE STRAINS WHILE RESISTING
LOADS

DUCTILITY IMPLIES THE ABILITY TO SUSTAIN

SIGNIFICANT INELASTIC DEFORMATIONS PRIOR TO
COLLAPSE.

A BRITTLE MATERIAL OR STRUCTURE IS THE ONE

THAT FAILS SUDDENLY UPON ATTAINING ITS
MAXIMUM LOAD.
DUCTILE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

(a) Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building
that carry vertical and horizontal forces should not be damaged;
However buildings parts that do not carry load may sustain reparable damage.

(b) Under moderate but occasional shaking the main members may sustain
repairable damage, while the other parts of the building may be damaged
such that they even have to be replaced after the earthquake; and

(c) Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe
(even irreparable) damage, but the building should collapse.

(d) For example, important building, like hospitals and fire stations, play a critical
role in post-earthquake activities and must remain functional immediately
after the earthquake, These structures must sustain very little damage
and should be designed for a higher level of earthquake protection.

Collapse of dams during earthquakes can cause flooding in the downstream

reaches, which itself can be a secondary disaster. Therefore, dams
and similarly, (nuclear power plants) should be designed for still higher
level of earthquake motion.
 Soft Storey and Weak Storey
Soft Storey. It is one which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in
the storey above or 80% of the average lateral stiffness of the three
storeys above.

Weak Storey. It is the one which the storey lateral strength is less than
80% of that of above. The storey lateral strength is the total strength of all
seismic force resisting elements sharing the storey shear in considered
direction.

The vertical stiffness of a column is12EI / L3 where E is the Youngs

modulus, I is the moment of inertia and L is the length of the column
respectively and that for a shear wall (without opening) is calculated as
Ph3/3EI + 1.2Ph/AG (i.e., summation of flexural stiffness and shear
stiffness, obtained as deflection of a cantilever wall under a single lateral
load P at its top) where h is the height, A is the cross-sectional area and G
is the shear modulus of the wall (E and I carry usual meaning).

The summation of lateral stiffness of all columns and shear walls at a

particular floor level constitute the total lateral stiffness of that particular
story or floor level.
FORCES IN MEMBERS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
MOMENT AND SHEAR FAILURE OF MEMBERS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
 WHAT MAKES EARTH QUAKE
RESISTANT DUCTILE STRUCTURE
1. 135 DEGREE HOOKS SHALL BE
PROVIDED IN LATERAL RFT.

2. LAPING ZONE SHALL BE AT LESS

MOMENT REGION OF THE MEMBER
MAX 50% LAPPING IS PERMITTED.

3. CLOSER TIES NEAR BEAM COLUMN

JUNCTION. CORRECT RFT DETAILS
AT BEAM COLUMN JUNCTION.

4. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH Ld TO BE
CONSIDERED CAREFULLY.
WELD/ COUPLE THE RFT IF
REQUIRED.

5. CONFINED RFT PROVIDED WHERE

EQ ZONE IS OTHERTHAN II.
DUCTILING DETAILS IN A BEAM TO RESIST EARTHQUAKE
DUCTILING DETAILS IN A COLUMN TO RESIST EARTHQUAKE
DUCTILING DETAILS IN A COLUMN TO RESIST EARTHQUAKE
 Dirn Force Disp Force Member RCC Resisted by

X Ux x Axial Column Long Rft + Ties

Y Uy y V Shear Beam Stirrups

Z Uz z H Shear Beam Stirrups

@X Mx x Torsion= Column, Beam Long Rft + Stirrups

Shear+M
@Y My y My Column, Beam Long Rft

@Z Mz z Mz Column, Beam Long Rft

FORCES IN A LINE ELEMENT(BEAM AND COLUMN)

Z
 PERMISSIBLE STRESS IN WORKING STRESS OF CONCRETE

1 N/MM^2=
10KG/CM^2
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE IN N/MM^2
MOD
GRADE COMPRESSION BOND RATIO

BENDING DIRECT BEARING TENSILE FLEXURAL SHEAR AVG LOCAL

M10 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.2 3.16 0.3 0.4 0.7 31.11
M15 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.2 3.87 0.5 0.6 1.0 18.67
M20 7.0 5.0 4.0 2.8 4.47 0.7 0.8 1.3 13.33
M25 8.5 6.0 5.0 3.2 5.00 0.8 0.9 1.5 10.98
M30 10.0 8.0 6.0 3.6 5.48 0.9 1.0 1.7 9.33
M35 11.5 9.0 7.0 4.0 5.92 1.0 1.1 1.8 8.12
M40 13.0 10.0 8.0 4.4 6.32 0.3 1.2 1.9 7.18
 MOMENT AND SHEAR COEFFICIENT IN CONTINOUS BEAM

BENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAM

Type of Load Span Moments Support Moments
Near Middle of At Middle of At the End At Support next to At other
End Span Interior Span Support End Support Interior
Support

DL+IL(Fixed) +1/12 WL +1/16 WL -1/24 WL -1/10 WL -1/12 WL

IL(Not Fixed) +1/10 WL +1/12 WL -1/24 WL -1/9 WL -1/9 WL

SHEAR FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAM

At the End At Support next to End Support At other Interior
Support Inside Outside Support
Type of Load

DL+ IL (Fixed) 0.4W 0.6W 0.55W 0.5W

IL (Not Fixed) 0.45W 0.6W 0.6W 0.6W

 LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOAD COMB- COLLAPSE IS 456, T-18 IS 1893
DL LL WL EL
1.5 1.5
1.2 1.2 1.2(X&Z)
1.5 1.5(X&Z)
0.9 1.5(X&Z)
1.2 1.2 1.2(X&Z)
1.5 1.5(X&Z)
0.9 1.5(X&Z)

LOAD COMB - SERVICE IS 456, T-18

DL LL WL
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0(X&Z)
0.8 0.8 0.8(X&Z)
 BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURE
Increasing the stiffeners of member will absorb more load/ moment (stiffness
factor is to be considered).

Excess of load resulted to crack in concrete, Steel will take extra load & start
yielding.

The moment redistribution take place. Up to 20% of gravity load redistribution

is permitted.

T beam action is not consider in design. Which can take additional10% of

load and moment.

No physical measuring for secondary beam or release of moment. Lesser

than stiffness less than load absorption. ( force flow to higher stiffness
members).

Bond and development length ,Ld = 0.87fy / 4 (bxd)

Bending moment co efficient for cantilever beams and slabs

DESIGN ASPECTS IN SLABS
 SLAB

EFFECTIVE DEPTH:

Sl.no SLAB SPAN/EFFE.DEPTH

1. One- way simply supported slab 30

2. One-way continuous slabs 35
3. Two-way simply supported slabs 38 for L/B=1.5
35 for L/B>1.5
4. Two-way continuous slabs 40 for L/B=1.5
38 for L/B>1.5
Whenever the slab thickness is 150mm, the bar diameter shall be 10mm
for normal spacing.(It can be 8mm at very closely spaced).

Slab thickness can be 100mm,110mm,120mm,125mm,150mm, etc.

The maximum spacing of Main bar shall not exceed 225mm(9) and the
distribution bars @ 250mm(10).

If the roof slab is supported by load bearing wall (without any frames)
a bed block of 150/200mm shall be provided along the length of supports
which will aid in resisting the lateral forces.

If the roof is of sheet(AC/GI) supported by load bearing wall (without any

frames) a bed block of 150/200mm shall be provided along the length of
supports except at the eaves. The bed block is provided to keep the sheets in
position from WIND.

For the roof slab provide a min. of 0.12% of slab cross sectional area
reinforcement to take care of the temperature and other weathering agent and
for the ponding of rain water etc since it is exposed to outside the building
enclosure.
SLAB DETAILS
STAIR DETAILS
DESIGN ASPECTS IN BEAMS
 BEAM MEMBER
1. Depth of a beam varies from L/10 to L/15. In general ,1 length will have 1
depth ie L/12). But outer beam, without wall beam may be L/15 depth.. The
typical rules are as follows:
SL.NO MEMBER SPAN/OVERALL DEPTH RATIO

1. PLINTH BEAM 15 TO 18

2. TIE BEAM 18 TO 20

3. FLOOR BEAMS 12 TO 15

4. GRID BEAMS 20 TO 30

2. In 230 mm width, max 4 rods can be accommodated. With 2 legged stirrups

Extra rods are in the 2nd layer. Then increase the beam depth to
accommodate in 2nd layer. Max 5 rods with 4 legged stirrups.

3. Max 25 mm dia and min 12 mm dia bars are used. 32mm dia rods are
difficult to bend.
The section sizes are 9x9 9x12 9x15 9x18 9x21 9x24 12x18 12x21
12x24 12x30 12x36etc

The minimum size of reinforcement is 12mm diameter.

Maximum 4 bars in 230mm , 5 bars in 300mm width may be accommodated and

balance to be accommodated in the second layer.

Continuous top compressive reinforcement shall be minimum size, extra bars

shall be larger size.( For example 2-12# + 2-16# or 2-12# + 2-20#)

More than 750 depth , 0.2%of skin bars @the sides shall be provided.

The stirrups will be useful for resisting shear force .it does not contribute for
flexural strength.

Torsion will be corner to shear &moment . Additional reinforcement is considered

for extra shear and moment.

Minimum cover for beam is 30mm. Exposure condition and fire rating will be the
deciding factors for cover.

Curtailment rules are follow.

Beam sections should be designed for:

Moment values at the column face & (not the value at centre line as per analysis)

Shear values at distance of d from the column face. (not the value at centre line
as per analysis)

Moment redistribution is allowed for static loads only.

For beams spanning between the columns about the weak axis, the moments
at the end support shall be reduced more and distributed and the span moments
shall be increased accordingly to account for the above reduction.

Moment distribution shall be done in such a way that 15% of the support moments
shall be added to the span moment without the support moments getting reduced.

The section within the span shall be designed for the increased span moment
which will account for the concentrated & isolated loading that may act within
one span.

Moment redistribution is not allowed if

moment co-efficient taken from code table
designed for earthquake forces and for lateral loads.
At least 1/3 of the +ve moment reinforcement in SIMPLE SUPPORTS & the
+ve moment reinforcement in CONTINUOUS MEMBERS shall extend along
the same face of the member into the support, to a length equal to Ld/3.
(Ld-development length)

Use higher grade of concrete if most of the beams are doubly reinforced.
Also when Mu/bd^2 goes above 6.0.

Try to design a minimum width for beams so that the all beam reinforcement
passes through the columns. This is for the reason that any reinforcement
outside the column will be ineffective in resisting compression.

Restrict the spacing of stirrups to 8(200mm) or of effective depth whichever

is less.(for static loads)

Whenever possible try to use T-beam or L-beam concept so as to avoid

compression reinforcement.

Use a min. of 0.2% for compression reinforcement to aid in controlling the

deflection, creep and other long term deflections.

Bars of Secondary beam shall rest on the bars of the Primary beam if the
beams are of the same depth. The kinking of bars shall be shown
clearly on the drawing.
Length of curtailment shall be checked with the required development length.
Keep the higher diameter bars away from the N.A(i.e. layer nearest to the tension
face) so that max. lever arm will be available.

Hanger bars shall be provided on the main beam whenever heavy secondary
beam rests on the main beam.(Try to avoid the hanger bar if secondary beam
has less depth than the main beam, as there are enough cushions available).

The detailing for the secondary beam shall be done so that it does not induce
any TORSION on the main beam.

For cantilever beams reinforcement at the support shall be given a little

more and the development length shall be given 25% more.

As a short cut, bending moment for a beam (partially continuous or fully

continuous) can be assumed as wl^2/10 and the same reinforcement can
be detailed at span and support. This thumb rule should not be applied
for simply supported beams.
BEAM DETAILS
DESIGN ASPECTS IN COLUMNS
Minimum size of column is 230mm x 230mm , Some time 200mm x 200mm
Typical size are 9x9, 9x18, 9x12 9x18, 9x21 and 9x24. when d > 4b,
column will behave as wall.

Minimum 0.8% of steel, 4No-12# bar in rectangular, 6No-12# in circular column

shall be adopted.

When the column size is large, 0.8%of minimum size required to carry the axial
load shall be provided.(Refer IS 456-2000).

Generally 40 mm cover is provided for the column. When column orientation is

changed , then size and reinforcement to be changed.

Column width / breadth to be larger than beam width. No overhanging in beam

width is recommended.

Strong column weak beam concept shall be adopted.

Starter reinforcement L distance at the bottom in min 300mm.

40d in compression & 50d in tension overlapping at mid third size should be
provided.
Section should be designed for the column moment values at the beam face.

Use higher grade of concrete when the axial load is predominant.

Go for a higher section properties when the moment is predominant.

Restrict the maximum % of reinforcement to 3.

Detail the reinforcement in column in such a way that it gets maximum lever
arm for the axis about which the column moment acts.

Position of lap shall be clearly mentioned in the drawing according to the

change in reinforcement. Whenever there is a change in reinforcement at a
junction, lap shall be provided to that side of the junction where the
reinforcement is less.

Provide laps at mid height of column to minimize the damage due to

Moments (Seismic forces).

Avoid KICKER concrete to fix column form work since it is the weakest link
due to weak and non compacted part.
COLUMN DETAILS
TYPES OF COLUMNS IN A MULTI- STORIED BUILDING.
 UNBALANCED MOMENTS IN A FRAME
1. HORIZONTAL UNBALANCED MOMENT IN COLUMNS
AXIAL, UNI AXIAL, BI AXIAL.

2. VERTICAL UNBALANCED MOMENT IN COLUMNS COLUMN TERMINATED AT

ROOF TOP DISCONTINUITY IN LENGTH OF COLUMN.

3. DISCONTINUITY EDGE OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS.

4. NON UNIFORM LENGTH OF BEAMS CONNECTING TO COLUMNS.

5. HORIZONTAL JOINT FORCE IS DISTRIBUTED TO ALL CLOUMNS BY

H*L1/L BASIS. COLUMN AXIAL LOAD IS DETEMINED. MOMENT DUE TO
HORIZONTAL LOAD IS CALCULATED.

UNI AXIAL

AXIAL

BI AXIAL

COLUMN LAYOUT IN FRAMED STRUCTURES

SUBSTITUTE FRAME ANALYSIS
CALCULATION OF MOMENT AND SHEAR IN CONTINOUS BEAMS USING COEFFICIENTS
DETERMINATION OF COLUMN MOMENT BY SUBSTITUTE FRAME ANALYSIS
CALCULATION OF COLUMN MOMENT CONTRIBUTION FACTOR
AXIAL LOAD AND MOMENTS CAPACITY OF COLUMN FOR DIFFERENT
SIZES AND % OF STEEL.
EFFECT ON COLUMN ORIENTATION
NEUTRAL AXIS OF A COLUMN
INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR DESIGN OF RCC COLUMN
 TYPICAL DETAILS OF
COMBINED FOOTINGS

1. PEDESTAL AROUND COLUMN

2. STARTER BAR < 300MM
3. SPLICING OF STARTER BAR
4. MIN DEPTH AT FOOTING EDGE
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTS
OF COLUMN TIES
 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTS
OF BUNDLE OF BARS
AS COLUMN TIES

BAR SPACING REQUIREMENTS

IN COLUMN
SPACING WITH LOWER BAR
CRANKED IN TO UPPER BAR

SPACING AT THE FLOOR

LEVEL WITH COLUMN FACE
IS > 75MM
SPACING WITH UPPER BAR
CRANKED IN TO LOWER BAR
DESIGN ASPECTS IN RC WALLS
R.C.C.WALLS:
The minimum reinforcement for the RCC wall subject to BM shall be as follows:
Vertical reinforcement:
a) 0.0012 of cross sectional area for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in
diameter and with characteristic strength 415 N/mm^2 or greater.
b) 0.0015 of cross sectional area for other types of bars.
c) 0.0012 of cross sectional area for welded fabric not larger than 16mm in
diameter.
Maximum horizontal spacing for the vertical reinforcement shall neither exceed
three times the wall thickness nor 450mm.
Horizontal reinforcement.
a) 0.0020 of cross sectional area for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in
diameter and with characteristic strength 415 N/mm^2 or greater.
b) 0.0025 of cross sectional area for other types of bars.
c) 0.0020 of cross sectional area for welded fabric not larger than 16mm in
diameter.
Maximum vertical l spacing for the vertical reinforcement shall neither exceed
three times the wall thickness nor 450mm.
NOTE: The minimum reinforcement may not always be sufficient to provide
adequate resistance to effects of shrinkage and temperature.
The Ht for a RCC wall shall not exceed 30 as per IS:456:2000, where
Ht is the effective height of the wall and t is the thickness of the RC wall.
Ht for a braced wall will be :
a) 0.75 H, if the rotations are restrained at the ends by floors where h is the
height of the wall. b) 1.0h .
DESIGN ASPECTS IN FOUNDATIONS
 ISOLATED FOOTING

The angle of pressure distribution to be depth of soil is 45. Hence the

intensity of the pressure reduce over the depth because the size of area
of influence is increasing. But overlap of the footing area of influence to
be verified.

The uplift pressure due to water table is to be verified. This is a serious

failure at later stage.

When the water table is high, reduce the SBC or calculate for the water
table.

Strip raft foundation increase the depth of influence of pressure. Hence

check for soil strata down below. If the bottom strata is bed, do not go for
strip foundation
 ISOLATED FOOTING
The pressure distribution of footing under sandy and clay soil are
different. However , the uniform pressure is considered under the footing.

Minimum depth of foundation is d=q ( 1-sin /1+sin)2 /

Un factored load is considered for calculation of footing size. But for

footing thickness and reinforcement, factored load to be considered.

Minimum thickness at the edge of footing is 200mm . Minimum cover is

considered as 50mm. Minimum diameter of reinforcement is 10mm
D/2 or 150 mm (which ever is maximum) pedestal offset shall be given for
resisting punching shear.

The value of punching shear for different grade of concrete is as below:

Minimum SBC is 7.5 t/sqm, less then that, raft foundation or pile
foundation to be considered.

Column orientation will have on spacing of square or rectangular footing

because the lever arm will change for the face of the column.
The reinforcement is provided to counter the deflection of footing
FOOTING:
Never assume the soil bearing capacity and at least have one trial pit to
get the real site Bearing capacity value.

Check the Factor of Safety used by the Geotechnical engineer for finding SBC.
SBC can be increased depending on the N-value and type of footing that is going
to be designed. Vide IS-1893-2000(part-I).

Provide always PLINTH BEAMS resting on natural ground in orthogonal

directions connecting all columns which will help in many respect like
reducing the differential settlement of foundations, reducing the moments
on footings etc.

Always assume a hinged end support for column footing for analysis
unless it is supported by raft and on pile cap.

The Common assumption of full fixity at the column base may only
be valid for columns supported on RIGID RAFT foundations or on
individual foundation pads supported by short stiff piles or by foundation
walls in Basement.

Foundation pads supported on deformable soil may have considerable rotational

flexibility, resulting in column forces in the bottom story quite different from
those resulting from the assumption of a rigid base. The consequences can be
unexpected column HINGES at the top of lower story
CURTAILMENT OF TENSILE RFT IN FLUCTURE
ANCHOR TO DEVELOP FULL STRESS
IN TENSION AT SUPPORT
FOUNDATION DETAILS
TYPICAL DETAILS
OF FOOTINGS
1. PEDESTAL AROUND COLUMN
2. STARTER BAR < 300MM
3. SPLICING OF STARTER BAR
4. MIN DEPTH AT FOOTING EDGE
COLUMN ON EDGE
OF FOOTING
1. U-BARS TO RESIST DIAGONAL TENSION.
2. PLANE OF SHEAR FAILURE.
 SPECIAL CONFINED REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN
Special confining reinforcement shall be
provided over a length lo from each joint
face, towards midspan, and on either side of
any section, where flexural yielding may
occur under the effect of earthquake forces.
The length lo shall not be less than
(a) larger lateral dimension of the member at
the section where yielding occurs,
(b) 1/6 of clear span of the member, and (c)
450 mm.
 SPECIAL CONFINED REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN

When a column terminates into a footing or mat, special confining

reinforcement shall extend at least 300 mm into the footing or mat

When the calculated point of contra-flexure, under the effect of gravity

and earthquake loads, is not within the middle half of the member clear
height, special confining reinforcement shall be provided over the full
height of the column.
 SPECIAL CONFINED REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN
Columns supporting reactions from
discontinued stiff members, such as walls,
shall be provided with special confining
reinforcement over their full height.

This reinforcement shall also be placed

above the discontinuity for at least the
development length of the largest
longitudinal bar in the column. Where the
column is supported on a wall, this
reinforcement shall be provided over the
full height of the column; it shall also be
provided below the discontinuity for the
same development length.

Special confining reinforcement shall be

provided over the full height of a column
which has significant variation in stiffness
along its height. This variation in stiffness
may result due to the presence of bracing,
a mezzanine floor or a R.C.C. wall on either
side of the column that extends only over a
part of the column height
 SPECIAL CONFINED REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN
The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed
1/4 of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more
than 100 mm.

The area of cross section, Ash, of the bar forming rectangular hoop, to be used as
special confining reinforcement shall not be less than Ash =0.18 SDk
fck/fy(Ag/Ak - 1.0)

The area of cross section, Ash, of the bar forming circular hoops or spiral, to be
used as special confining reinforcement, shall not be less than Ash =0.09 SDk
fck/fy(Ag/Ak - 1.0)
REQUIREMENTS FOR DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

SIMPLE FOR FABRICATION AND PLACING

LIMITING THE MAX SPACING OF THE REINFORCEMENT AND MIN

AMOUNT OF RFT.

THE CRACK WIDTH MUST BE WITHIN ACCEPTABLE LIMITS . ANY

FREE PATH FOR THE PROPOGATION OF THE CRACKS WITHOUT
BEING TRAVERSED BY THE REINFORCEMENT.

THERE SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT SPACE FOR CONCRETE TO BE

PROPERLY POURED AND COMPACTED. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY
LIMITING MIN SPACING BETWEEN THE BARS.