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SURVEI KESEHATAN
Myocardial Angina:
infarction Stable
Unstable
Peripheral arterial
disease:
Intermittent claudication
Rest Pain
Gangrene
Necrosis
Cerebrovascular Coronary
disease disease
24.7% 7.4%
29.9%
3.3%
3.8% 11.8%
19.2%
Systemic
conditions
Generalized
Atherothrombosis Hypertension
disorders manifestations Hyperlipidemia
Obesity Hypercoagulable
(myocardial infarction,
Diabetes states
stroke, vascular death)
Genetic Lifestyle
Genetic traits Smoking
Gender Diet
Age Lack of exercise
Yusuf S et al. Circulation 2001; 104: 274653. 2. Drouet L. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;13(suppl 1):16. 5
INTERAKSI BEBERAPA Serum LDL
PROSES PADA PROSES
ATEROSKLEROSIS
LDL infiltrasi
Radikal Kerusakan
Oksidasi LDL Endotel
Bebas
Faktor
Sel Busa
Pertumbuhan
Proliferasi Sel
Kalsifikasi
6
Endothelial
Injury
Fibrinoid
necrosis
Fibrosis
Hyaline
arteriosclerosis
7
Normal vessel
Pal-1
EC
Pal-1
SMC
tPA
Atherosclerotic
plaque
Pal-1
EC Pal-1
tPA
SMC
Thrombus
Lipid core
Adventitia
9
10
ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
Endothelial Dysfunction
Matrix Remodeling
(D. Sargowo) 11
ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
Vasospasm
ACUTE
Plaque Rupture CORONARY
SYNDROMES
Thrombosis
Matrix Remodeling
(D. Sargowo) 12
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Trop T (+)
NSTEMI/ STEMI/
UAP Non-Q MI Q MI
UAP : Unstable angina pectoris, Non-Q MI: Non Q wavw myocardial infarction
NSTEMI : Non ST-elevation myocardial infarction
STEMI : ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Q MI : Q wave myocardial infarction 13
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
EKG 12 sandapan
petanda biokimia
- Perubahan
Resiko rendah Resiko tinggi seg ST
Periksa di Periksa - Petanda (+) APTS/NSTEMI
rawat jalan segera - Nyeri dada
menetap 15
Malaysian Clinical Practice Guideline on UA/NSTEMI 2002
KELUHAN UTAMA SINDROM KORONER AKUT
Sakit dada atau nyeri hulu hati yang berat, asalnya non-traumatik,
dengan ciri-ciri tipikal iskemia miokard atau infark :
Dada bagian tengah/substernal rasa tertekan atau sakit seperti
diremas
Rasa sesak, berat/tertimpa beban, mencengkeram, terbakar,
sakit.
Sakit perut yg tdk dpt dijelaskan, sendawa, nyeri hulu hati
Penjalaran ke leher, rahang, bahu, punggung atau 1 atau ke2
lengan
Disertai sesak
Disertai mual dan/atau muntah
Disertai berkeringat
Stat ECG
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LOW RISK ACS
No high risk or intermediate features :
Normal or unchanged ECG during episode
of chest pain
Suggested treatment:
ASA; heparin (optional); observation. Early stress testing.
No ST Elevation ST Elevation
STEMI NSTEMI
GP IIb/IIIa, Tropinin ?
koronarografi
Positif Negatif
Tes stress,
koronarografi 21
MANAJEMEN SKA
- Oklusi > 4-6 jam Nekrosis miokard irreversible
IMA dengan gel q (IMA-Q)
22
TUJUAN PENATALAKSANAAN
Hindari kematian
23
TIGA FASE PENATALAKSANAAN
Perawatan emergensi :
- nyeri dada, cardiac arrest
Perawatan awal :
- reperfusi, komplikasi
Perawatan lanjut :
- kematian, komplikasi
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HILANGKAN CHEST PAIN
Morfin sulfat : iv 2,5 - 5 mg (titrasi)
im 10 - 15 mg
dosis total 20 mg
Awas efek vagotonik
Tidak untuk inferior
Pethidin : im 25 - 50 mg
bisa diulang 10 - 30 menit
Tangani komplikasi :
Gagal jantung, syok, ruptur, aritmia,
tromboemboli
Terapi propilaktis :
Antiplatelet agregasi, anti aritmia,
blocker
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PENGOBATAN SKA
28
Sumber : Medika No. 2, Pebruari 2003, p:114
Rekomendasi menejemen dan terapi awal NSTEMI
Pasien dengan resiko tinggi
akan bermanfaat dengan Antitrombin (heparin)
pengobatan : plus
Aspirin dan Antiplatelet (aspirin)
LMWH atau dan plus
Kombinasi Penghambat glikoprotein IIb/IIIa
Penghambat glikoprotein IIb/IIIa
dengan UFH
Streptokinase Streptase, Kabinikase 1,5 juta unit dlm 1 jam Heparinisasi pasca
r-TPA Alteplase, Actylase 15 mg bolus, 0.75 mg/kg/30 fibrinolisis, 5000
menit pertama (maks 50 mg), unit bolus. 1000
0.5 mg/kg/60 menit unit/jam dgn a-PTT
kedua (maks 35 mg) 1,5 - 2 kali kontrol
Aspirin Aspirin
Aspirin + +
SC LMWH IV heparin / SC LMWH
or +
IV heparin IV GP IIb/IIIa antagonist
+ Clopidogrel + Clopidogrel
* During hospital cure
Clopidogrel should be administered to hospitalized patients who are unable to take ASA
because of hypersensitivity or major GI information
Class IIa : enoxaparin preffered over unfractionated heparin, unless CABG is planned
within 24 hours
Brauwald E., et al., American Collage of Cardiology (ACC) and
the American Heart Association (AHA) Guideline. USA. 2002 31
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL
CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY (PTCA)
32
Angioplasti : pemulihan pembuluh darah yg tersebumbat dgn menggunakan balon
yg bisa dipompa untuk membuka penyumbat / pembuluh darah koroner yg menyempit.
Resiko ringan
- Usia < 55 th, kegiatan fisik tidak ada keluhan
Treadmill test sub maximal
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