Renewable Energy

Technologies (Wind Energy)

Presented by
Salman Nazir

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
 Presentation Highlights
Introduction to Renewable Resources Pvt Limited
Need to Introduce Renewable Energies in Power
sector (Introduction of RE)
Global Wind Market
Potential to work in wind Sector-Pakistan
History of Wind Turbine
Wind Energy Basics
Wind Turbine Classification
Wind Resource Assessment/Wind Measurement
Wind Data Analysis/Energy Yield Estimation
Electrical Study
Q&A SessionSection-1: Introduction
Prospects
of RE & Wind
2
 Introduction
(Services of RE2 for RE project developers)

Renewable Resources (Pvt.) Ltd (RE2) is a

consulting company provides end to end solutions
in RE sector, EE and Environment
RE2 is local Partner of Lahmeyer International
RE2 undertakes the project development including
feasibility studies, policy Framework, financial
consulting, permits and approvals, overseeing EPC
activities etc
RE2 is engaged as Lenders Engineer for Banks
(ADB, OPIC, NB, HBL) and Owners Engineer with
companies (Fauji Foundation, Fauji Fertilizers,
Three Gorgies First Wind Farm, Tapal Power,
United Power (Operating BP in Pakistan)
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
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Prospects
 Our Major Projects
10 MW Solar Power Project of Roshan Power-A
Beacon house Project
02 MW Solar Power Project of 1st Solar
Development of Micro Finance System for MFIs / DFIs
to support Off-Grid Solar PV Applications A Project of
Enercon
50 MW Wind Power Project of Three Gorges First
Wind Farm Pakistan Pvt. Ltd)
100 MW Wind Power Project of United Energy
Pakistan Limited
50 WM Wind Power Project of Hawa Energy Private
Limited
50 MW Coal Power Project in Punjab of Malakwal
Power- A Project of Beacon house Group
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
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Prospects
 Our Projects CONT

05 MW Wind Project of Albario Energy in

Sindh, Pakistan).
30 MW Wind Project of Tapal Wind Energy
Ltd in Sindh, Pakistan
Regional Wind Resource Assessment in
Kalar Kahar.
Promoting Sustainable Energy Production
and Use of Biomass in Pakistan A Project
of WINROCK / UNIDO

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
 Need of RE

Current Energy Statistics and

Wind Market

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
 Oil Price(USD/Barrel)
140

120

100
USD/Barrel

80

60

40

20

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
 High Speed Diesel Price in Pakistan
90 (2001-2011)
80
70
60 197.5%
Price (PKR/Litre)

50
40
30
20
10
0

2007

2009
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2008

2010

2011
Years

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
Tariffs from NEPRA (2012)

Upfront Wind (RE Tech) US14.72/kWh

TGF Wind (RE Tech) US13.99/kWh

165 MW Attock Gen Power Project-Furnace Oil US26.92/kWh

209 MW Halmore Power Generation Co Limited-Diesel Oil US37.16/kWh

202 MW gas based power Project of Foundation Power

US15.14/kWh
Company Daharki Sindh-Natural Gas

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
 Tariff (2012)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
 What to Do Then if ??

Go for Natural Energy Sources (RE

Sources)

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
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Prospects
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
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Prospects
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
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Prospects
Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan

Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB)

Promotion, Encouragement and Development of RE

One window service for investor
Transfer of technology and expertise
Established in 2003

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan

Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power

Generation, 2006
Grid Access on doorstep provided by power purchaser
100% Purchase guarantee
100% Grid Availability
No customs duty on import of Generation equipment

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan

National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA)

Grid Code Addendum for Wind Power
Ease of grid integration

Central Power Purchasing Authority (CPPA)

Energy Purchase Agreement for Wind Power
Operating Procedure
Compensation
Security

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
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Prospects
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
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Prospects
Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan
50 MW Project, WTG Erection

Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

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Prospects
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
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Prospects
HISTORY OF WIND
TURBINE

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 22

History of Wind Turbine

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 23

 The era of wind electric generators began
close to 1900s.
The first modern wind turbine, specifically
designed for electricity generation, was
constructed in Denmark in 1890
The first utility-scale system was installed in
Russia in 1931. A 100 kW turbine was
installed on the Caspian sea shore, which
worked for two years and generated about
20,000 kW electricity.

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 24

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 25
Wind Power: Global Overview

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 26

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 27
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 28
Wind Energy Basic

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 29

Main Parts
1. Rotor
2. Nacelle
3. Tower
4. Foundation
5. Substation

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 30

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 31
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 32
 Energy available in wind is the kinetic energy
of air masses moving over the earths
surface.
Wind turbine blades receive this kinetic
energy and transform to mechanical.
Mechancial energy is converted to electrical
forms.
Conversion efficiency of converting wind to
other useful energy forms greatly depends on
the efficiency of rotor interaction with the wind
stream and efficiency of electrical generator.
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 33
 Power Curve

Where

m = mass of air
V = Velocity of air

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 34

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 35
Where

V = Velocity of air
a=air density
AT = Cross sectional area of rotor

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 36

 A turbine cannot extract this power completely from the wind.
When the wind stream passes the turbine, a part of its kinetic
energy is transferred to the rotor and the air leaving the
turbine carries the rest away.

Actual power produced by a rotor would thus be decided by

the efficiency with which this energy transfer from wind to the
rotor takes place.

This efficiency is usually termed as the power coefficient (Cp).

Thus, the power coefficient of the rotor can be defined as the

ratio of actual power developed by the rotor to the theoretical
power available in the wind.

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 37

Where

PT= Power Produced by Turbine Rotor

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 38

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 39
 Thrust Curve Curve
The thrust force experienced by the rotor
(F) can be expressed as

Hence we can represent the rotor torque (T)

as

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 40

 This is the maximum theoretical torque
and in practice the rotor shaft can develop
only a fraction of this maximum limit.
The ratio between the actual torque
developed by the rotor and the theoretical
torque is termed as the torque coefficient

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 41

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 42
 Wind Turbine Classification
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Most Commercially used design
Higher power coefficient
Low cut in wind speed
Complicated design
Yaw drive arrangement required.

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 43

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 44
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 45
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 46
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 47

 No Yaw arrangement required.
Gear box and Generator can be
accommodated at ground
Low maintenance cost.
Usually not self starting
Low turbine efficiency.
Chances of high rotational speed and
structure breakage.
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology 48
Wind Resource Assessment

Section 3: Wind Measurement 49

Wind Resource Assessment (Basics)

What is Wind Resource Assessment?

What are basic parameters of Wind Resource Assessment
Wind Speed
Wind Direction
Air Density
Temperature
What is importance of Wind Data?
Wind measuring Equipment

Section 3: Wind Measurement 50

Wind Resource Assessment (Key Steps)
Investigation of Measurement Station
Wind Data Analysis
Micrositing
Energy Yield Estimation

Section 3: Wind Measurement 51

Measurement Equipment

Section 3: Wind Measurement 52

Section 3: Wind Measurement 53
Section 3: Wind Measurement 54
3 CUP Anemometer

Section 3: Wind Measurement 55

 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Sensor type 3-cup anemometer
Applications wind resource assessment
meteorological studies
environmental monitoring
Sensor range 1 m/s to 96 m/s (2.2 mph to
214 mph) (highest recorded)
OUTPUT SIGNAL
Transfer function m/s = (Hz x 0.765) + 0.35 [miles
per hour = (Hz x 1.711) + 0.78]
Accuracy within 0.1 m/s (0.2 mph) for
the range 5 m/s to 25 m/s (11
mph to 55 mph)
Calibration calibrated version available
Swept diameter of rotor 190 mm (7.5 inches)
Section 3: Wind Measurement 56
Wind Direction Vane

Section 3: Wind Measurement 57

Temperature Sensor

Section 3: Wind Measurement 58

 DESCRIPTION
Sensor type integrated circuit temperature sensor
with six plate radiation shield
Applications wind resource assessment
meteorological studies
environmental monitoring
Sensor range -40 C to 52.5 C (-40 F to 126.5 F)
OUTPUT SIGNAL
Transfer function Temp = (Voltage x 55.55) 86.38 C
[Temp = (Voltage x 100) 123.5 F]
Accuracy offset is +/- 0.8 C (1.4 F) maximum
nonlinearity is +/- 0.33 C (+/- 0.6 F)
maximum
total error +/- 1.1 C (2 F)

RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal time constant 10 minutes
Section 3: Wind Measurement 59
Data Logger

Section 3: Wind Measurement 60

 DATA COLLECTION
Sampling interval 2 seconds
Averaging interval 10 minute fixed
Real time clock internal battery-backed with leap year
correction,
Storage medium 16 MB MultiMedia Card (MMC), non-
volatile FLASH
Maximum data storage 664 days
Parameters recorded for each each data interval is time-stamped
channel average
standard deviation
min
max

Data delivery MMC cards

internet email via GSM, AMPS or dial-
up with optional iPack
Section 3: Wind Measurement 61
Data Analysis

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)
Accuracy Verification of Data:
Correlation with other data sets from area

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)
Accuracy Verification of Data: (Long Term Analysis)
16

14

12

10

4
1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Babarband_v80 _mean [m/s] LTC WITH HYDRABAD
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
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Estimation
Energy Yield Estimation

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Energy Yield Analysis

Determine Energy Production (kWh)

Plant specific parameters such as capacity factor
Required by:
Project company
Financial assessment
Project lenders
Risk / Financial assessment
Power Purchaser
Planning / Forecasting
Determination of Energy Price from Plant

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Energy Yield Analysis (Components)

Topographic Effects
Wind Resource
Micrositing
Generator

Renowned Tools
WAsP (Wind Analysis & Simulation Programing)
Wind Pro
Wind Farmer

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Energy Yield Analysis

Production (kWh) dependent upon:

Wind resource
Wind Turbine Generator
Siting of Wind Turbines

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
 Energy Yield Analysis

Micrositing Example:

4.8 MW, 3 x 1.6 MW, GE WTG

5 MW, 2 x 2.5 MW, Nordex WTG

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
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Estimation
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
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Estimation
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
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Estimation
Energy Yield Analysis

Major Losses:
Array Loss
Turbine Availability
Electrical Losses
Blade degradation
Substation unavailability

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Energy Yield Analysis
Type of Turbine GE 1.6-82.5 NORDEX N100

Turbine Capacity [kW] 1,600 2,500

Number of WTG [-] 3 2
Installed Park Capacity [kW] 4800 5000
Hub Height [m] 80 80
Rotor Diameter [m] 82.5 100
Gross Energy Production [MWh/a] 19,083.0 19,492.00

Losses [%] 3.14% 2.05%

Wake Reduced Power [MWh/a] 18,484 19,092

Other Losses [%] 5.74% 5.74%

Net Output [MWh/a] 17,422.4 17,996.1
Rotor area per WTG [m2] 5,346 7,854
Rotor area, sum [m2] 16,037 15,708
Specific Energy Production [kWh/a/m2] 1,086 1,146

Full load hours [h/a] 3,630 3,599

Capacity Factor [%] 41.43% 40.09%

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Energy Yield Analysis

Uncertainty:
Calibration
Mounting
Anemometer selection
Adjustment (internal)
Long term correlation

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Electrical Study

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Objectives:

Reliability
Dependability
Safety
Security
Economic

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
New plant

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Analysis / Studies:

Load Flow
Steady State condition
Contingency Analysis
Voltages, Current flows, Real and Reactive Power flows

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Analysis / Studies:

Short Circuit
Current flows under fault conditions
Max SC levels
Identify need for upgrading breakers etc.
Min SC levels
Identify reduction in network strength PQ issues

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Analysis / Studies:

Dynamic / Transient
Time varying nature of Wind Power
Voltage changes check impact on excitation of
other generation
Response of bus voltages in event of fault
Impact on frequency
Power recovery of Wind Farm after fault clearance (LVRT)

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Analysis / Studies:

Power Quality
Voltage unbalance
Flicker
Harmonics
Governed by grid code

Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy

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Estimation
Profession involved in Wind Power / RE
Engineer
Non - Engineer

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Q & A Session

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