Transmission Line Modeling 2

Summary

' '

Y
A ' 1 2
Z
A Cosh (l )

B' Z' B Z C Sinh( l )

1 (16)
C'

1
Y'Z '
C Sinh( l )
4 ZC

D '

Z 'Y'
1 2


D Cosh(l )

 Approximate equivalent

Z zl Y yl
First we show
l
Z Tanh ( )
Z Sinh( l ) Y ' Y
'
2
l l / 2

Then When Z=Z and Y=Y ?

What happens if we connect ZC across V2

What is Surge Impedance Loading ???
 Z Z C Sinh( l )
'

Y'Z '
1 Cosh(l )
2
e l e l
Cosh( l )
2
Y ' Z C Sinh (l ) e l e l
1 Cosh(l ) Sinh( l )
2
2
Y Z C Sinh (l )
'
Cosh(l ) - 1 l
Cosh( l ) 1 2Sinh 2 ( )
2
2 l l
Sinh( l ) 2 sinh( ) cosh( )
2 2

2 Cosh( l ) - 1
Y
'

ZC Sinh (l )
 2 l l
Cosh( l ) 1 2Sinh 2 ( )

2 2sinh ( ) l
2
l
Y' 2 Sinh( l ) 2 sinh( ) cosh( )

l l
2 2
ZC
2Sinh ( )Cosh ( )
2 2
2 l
Y
'
Tanh ( ) (17)
ZC 2
( zl )( yl ) ZY 1
zy 2
2
ZY
l l l
l l ZY
Tanh ( )
Y Y
' 2 (18) 1

1

Y

1 1

Y
l / 2 l ZY Y ZY Y Z
Y Y 1

l Z ZC
 Z Z C Sinh( l )
'
( zl )( yl ) ZY 1
zy 2
2
ZY
l l l

l ZY
Z 1

1

Z

1 1

Z
Z Sinh( l )
'
(18) l ZY Z ZY Z Y
l Z Z
ZC
l Y

equivalent is exact if
l
Z Tanh ( )
Z Sinh( l )
'
Y' Y 2
l l / 2

Z zl Y yl
 Approximate equivalent
l
Z Tanh ( )
Z ' Sinh( l ) Y Y
' 2
l l / 2

Z=Z and Y=Y

l
Sinh( l ) Tanh ( )
Respectively
When 1 and 2 1
l l / 2

We know
Sinh( l ) l (l ) 3 (l ) 5
3
x x 5
(19)
Sinh( x) x l l l 3! l 5!
3! 5!

x 3 2 x 5 17 x 7 Tanh( l / 2) l / 2 (l / 2) 3 2(l / 2) 5 17(l / 2) 7

Tanh( x) x (20)
3 15 315 l / 2 l / 2 (l / 2) 3 (l / 2) 15 (l / 2) 315
 From (19) and (20)

Z=Z and Y=Y

if l is small

For small line lengths this is valid

Example
Lossless line R=0 j j

l 100miles 1mile = 1069 meters j j0.0000013

l 0.0000013 1609 100 0.2092

 Example cont..

l 0.0000013 1609 100 0.2092

Sinh( l ) Sinh( j 0.2092) j 0.2077

l
Tanh ( ) Tanh ( j 0.1046) j 0.105
2

l
Sinh( l ) 0.2077
1
Tanh (
2
)

0.105
1
l 0.2092 l / 2 0.1046

Lines below 100 miles may use Z=zl and Y=yl. This will result
in medium length model. It is also referred to as nominal
equivalent model
Short Length Model

Same as medium length model except Y is neglected

(Lines shorter than 50 miles)
 Line terminated in ZC

V1 V2 Cosh(l ) Z C I 2Sinh (l )

V2
I1 I 2 Cosh(l ) Sinh (l )
ZC

V1 V2 Cosh(l ) V2Sinh (l ) V2 Cosh(l ) Sinh (l )

I1 I 2 Cosh(l ) I 2Sinh (l ) I 2 Cosh(l ) Sinh (l

V1 V2 Cosh(l ) Sinh (l ) V2 e l
Cosh( l )
e l e l
2

I1 I 2 Cosh(l ) Sinh (l I 2 e l
e l e l
Sinh( l )
2
 j

V1 V2 e l V2 el e jl (21)

l l jl
I1 I 2 e I 2 e e (22)

Complex Power Input to the Line

V1 I1 (V2 el e jl ) (I 2 el e jl )
* *

(V2 I 2 )e 2l
*

V1 I1 V2 I 2
* *

e 2l Or e 2l
V2 I 2 V1 I1
* *
 V2 I 2
*

e 2l (23)
V1 I1
*

Complex power gain is a real number

The implication of this is that the line terminated

in ZC effects only the real power. It does not
effect the reactive power
 V1 V2 e l V2 el e jl
From (21) and (22)
I1 I 2 e l I 2 el e jl

V1 V2
ZC (24)

I1 I2
Line terminated in ZC has a special property

The amount of reactive power consumed by the

series x is exactly compensated by shunt Y
 For Lossless Line =0

From (21) V1 V2 e l V2 el e jl

jl
V1 V2 e
j l
V1 V2 e V2
z
ZC
jL L y
ZC
jC C z jL; y jC

Z C Is purely real for lossless case

 For Lossless Line (=0)

Pout V2 I 2 Pinput V I
* *
1 1
PSIL
2 2
V2 V1

ZC ZC

Surge Impedance Loading(SIL)

At SIL , the voltage profile across the entire line is constant

 For three phase

2 2
V2 V1
PSIL3 3 3
ZC ZC
2 2
V2LL V1LL
3 3
3 3

ZC ZC
2 2
V2LL V1LL

ZC ZC
 Surge Impedance Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)

72 1012
2 2
VLL

ZC 370

Source:
http://www.midwestreliability.org/03_reliability/studies_reports/Transmission_Reclosin
g_Paper_090302.pdf
 St. Claire curve

1. Prabha Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, ERPI, Power Engineering
Series
2.http://www.midwestreliability.org/03_reliability/studies_reports/Transmission_Reclos
ing_Paper_090302.pdf