Disease Control

TYPHUS
HAZEKEL EUSTONIA ANAK RI
EDVIN KOH TIN TIN
NUR QAMARINA BT RIDZUAN
SYUHAIDA BT ABU SAMAH
 What is vector borne disease?

Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens

and parasites in human populations. Every year there are
more than 1 billion cases and over 1 million deaths from
vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue,
schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis,
leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow fever, Japanese
encephalitis and onchocerciasis, globally.
 What is typhus ?

an infectious disease caused by rickettsiae,

characterized by a purple rash, headaches, fever,
and usually delirium, and historically a cause of
high mortality during wars and famines. There are
several forms, transmitted by vectors such as lice,
ticks, mites, and rat fleas.
 Types of Typhus
1. epidemic (or louse-borne) typhus
2. endemic typhus
3. scrub typhus
The type of typhus you are infected with depends on what bit you. Arthropods are
typically carriers of one typhus strain unique to their species.
Typhus outbreaks usually only occur in developing countries or in regions of poverty,
poor sanitation, and close human contact. Typhus is generally not a problem in the
United States, but you may become infected while traveling abroad.
Untreated typhus can lead to serious complications and its potentially fatal. Its
important to see your doctor if you suspect that you may have typhus.
 Causes Of Typhus

Typhus is not transmitted from person to person like

a cold or the flu. There are three different types of
typhus and each type is caused by a different type of
bacterium and transmitted by a different type of
arthropod.
 Epidemic / Louse-Borne Typhus

This type is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and carried by the body louse. It
can be found around the world, including in the United States, but is typically
found in areas of high population and poor sanitation, where conditions promote
lice infestation.
 Endemic Typhus

Formerly known as murine typhus, this type is caused by Rickettsia

typhi and is carried by the rat or cat flea. Endemic typhus can be
found worldwide. It may be found among people in close contact
with rats or areas where rats live. It isnt commonly found in the
United States, but cases have been reported in some areas,
primarily Texas and southern California.
 Scrub Typhus

This type is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and carried by mites. This type
of typhus is more commonly found in Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and
the Pacific Islands. It is also called tsutsugamushi disease.
The louse, flea, tick, or mite becomes infected with the bacteria when they feed
on the blood of an infected person or an infected rodent (in the case of endemic
typhus). If you come in contact with these infected arthropods (for example, by
sleeping on bed sheets infested with lice), their feces may be deposited on your
skin when the louse, flea, tick, or mite feeds on your blood. If you scratch the
bite, the bacteria can enter your bloodstream through the tiny wound on your
skin.
 Symptoms of Typhus

Symptoms vary slightly by the type of typhus, but there are

symptoms that are associated with all three types of typhus, such as:
headache
fever
chills
rash
Symptoms of epidemic typhus
usually and include :
severe headache
high fever (above 104 degrees Fahrenheit)
rash that begins on the back or chest and spreads
confusion
stupor and seeming out of touch with reality
low blood pressure (hypotension)
eye sensitivity to bright lights
severe muscle pain
Symptoms seen in people with
scrub typhus include :

Symptoms seen in people with scrub typhus include:

swollen lymph nodes
tiredness
red lesion or sore on the skin at the site of the bite
cough
rash
 Incubation Period of Typhus

The incubation period for the disease is 10 to 14 days, on average.

This means that symptoms wont usually appear for 10 to 14 days
after you are bitten. Travelers who get typhus while traveling abroad
may not experience symptoms until they are back home. This is why it
is important to tell your doctor about any recent trips if you have any
of the above symptoms.
 Treatment for typhus

Antibiotics most commonly used to treat

typhus include:
doxycycline (preferred treatment)
cholramphenicol (option for those not
pregnant or breast-feeding)
ciprofloxacin (used for those who are unable
to take doxycycline)