Chairman:

Dr. Dr. G.Srinivasan

Prof. (Agronomy)
Member:
Dr. C.R.Chinnamuthu
Prof. (Agronomy)
Presented By:
Dr. M.Sundhar Rajasekar M
Prof. (Agrl. Microbiology) 12-507-106
 Content
* Introduction
* Cotton Development
* Problems in cotton cultivation
* GM Cotton (Bt Cotton)
* Need of Bt cotton
* Principle of Bt Cotton
* History
* Development
* Status
* Bio safety of Bt Cotton
* Merits and Demerits
* Conclusion 2
 Introduction
* Cotton is the most important cash crop of India
commonly known as King of apparel fiber.

* It is the backbone of our sprawling textile industry

contributing 7.0% to our GDP

* Cotton accounts to 45% of the world fiber and

supplies 10% of world edible oil.

3
 Development
Cultivated species - Gossypium

Diploid (2n = 26) - G. arboreum L. and G.

herbaceum L. - old world cotton

Tetraploid (2n = 52) - G. hirsutum L. and G.

barbadense L. - New world cotton

4
 Problems in cotton cultivation
Cotton is a long duration crop and is attacked by large number
of insect pests.

The three bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera, Pectinophora

gossypiella and Earias vittella & Earias insulana are major
pests that cause serious threat to cotton production.

About 9400 M tonnes of insecticides worth Rs 747 crores

were used only for bollworm control in 2001

5
 GM Cotton
Two types of transgenic cotton are existent on the
worlds cotton market

Bollworm Resistent (Bollgard Cotton)

Herbicides resistance (Roundup Ready Cotton)

-Khadi et al., 2002

6
 Roundup ready flex
Glyphosate-resistant cotton (Roundup Ready,
transformation event Coker 312-1445, henceforth
referred to as RR) is only resistant to glyphosate during
vegetative growth.

Glyphosate is registered for topical application to this

cotton from emergence through the 4-leaf stage.

Thereafter, glyphosate must be applied as a directed

spray to avoid contact with cotton foliage

- Anonymous., 2006
7
Cotton lint yield from single and multiple glyphosate
applications at different cotton growth stages
Cotton leaf stage Lint yield (kg/ha)
2004 2005
4 1190 1520
6 1560 1360
8 1170 1410
10 1150 1000
12 680 910
4,8 1370 1390
4, 10 1300 1480
4, 12 1300 1580
6, 10 1490 1390
6, 12 1400 1480
8, 12 1360 1380
4, 8, 12 1390 1380
4, 6, 8, 10 1370 1600
4, 6, 8, 12 1280 1520
4, 8, 10, 12 1310 1480
4, 6, 8, 10, 12 1270 1510
8
(Christopher et al., 2007)
 Bollgard I and II
The bollgard I transgenic cotton is not able to control the
secondary lepidopteran pests like tobacco caterpillar
(Spodoptera sp) and cotton semiloopers.

The bollgard II Bt cotton provides effective season long

control against key lepidopteran insect pests of tobacco
caterpillar and cotton semiloopers.

It can increase efficacy for control of bollworms and provides

convenient insect management for cotton crop.

(Kalish chand bairwa, 2013)

9
Bollgard II contains two Bacillus thuringiensis
genes Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab which both control
certain Lepidopteran larvae when they feed on it

10
Impact of Bt cotton (Bollgard II) on crop productivity
Input use pattern (Rs/ha) for cotton (BG I)
and Bt Cotton (BG II) growers (2010 2011)
Particulars BG I BG II
Pesticide 3360 2812
Gross cost 62853 63139
Yield 25 32
Gross return 93630 119903
Net return 30777 56764

(Kalish chand bairwa, 2013)

11
 Bacillus thuringiensis
This bacterium is gram positive and spore forming
that forms parasporal crystals during stationary
phase of its growth cycle.

The synthesized crystalline proteins called

endotoxins are highly toxic to certain insects.

They kill the insect by acting on the epithelium

tissues of midgut of caterpillars.

12
 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally-occurring
soil bacterium that produces a protein that is toxic to
Lepidopteran insect pests .
(Choudhary and Laroia, 2001)

The B.thuringiensis strains produce three types of

insecticidal toxins, crystal toxins, cytolytic toxins and
vegetatively expressed insecticidal proteins (vip).
These toxins are highly specific to certain insect
species.

13
 Cont. . .

These are toxic to larvae of different insects

including disease vectors and many
agricultural pests.

Lepidoptera-specific (Cry I), Lepidoptera and

Diptera-specific (Cry II), Coleoptera-specific
(Cry III) and Diptera-specific (Cry IV).

14
 Bt cotton
Bt cotton refers to transgenic cotton which contains
endotoxin protein inducing gene from soil bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis.

The first transgenic plant was developed in 1983 in

tobacco (Fraley et al., 1983) in U.S.A.

In cotton, the first transgenic plant was developed in

1987 in U.S.A. by Monsanto, Delta and Pine
companies (Benedict and Altman, 2001).
15
History and Development of Bt cotton
1995: Dept. of Biotech Govt. of India permits to import
transgenic Cocker-312 variety of cottonseed cultivated in the
US by Monsanto.
1998 (April): Mahyco is given permission for small trials
1998 (Nov 28): Thousands of farmers occupy and burn down
Bt cotton trial fields in Karnataka as part of Operation
Cremate Monsanto.
1999 (Jan 6): Vandana Shivas Research Foundation for
Science, Technology and Ecology goes to the Supreme Court
challenging the "legality" of the field trials

16
 Cont. . .
2000 (July): Mahyco is allowed to conduct large-scale
field trials
2001 (June 19): Genetic Engineering Approval
Committee (GEAC) extends field trials of Bt Cotton
by another year.
2001 (Oct): Mahyco discovers commercial Bt cotton
farming over several thousand hectares in Gujarat.
2001 (Oct): GEAC orders Bt cotton fields in Gujarat
to be burnt. No action was taken after farmers'
protest order.

17
 Cont. . .
2002 (Jan 23): Dr Manju Sharma, secretary of DBT,
declares that the latest round of Bt cotton trials was
satisfactory.
2002 (Feb 20): The Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) submits a positive report to the Ministry
of Environment on the field trials of Bt cotton.
2002 (March 26): The official approval for commercial
use of Bt cotton is given by the Genetic Engineering and
Approval Committee (GEAC) of the environment
ministry.

- Source: Corpwatch, 2002

18
 Development of Bt cotton
For development of transgenic of any crop, there are five important
steps:
A. Identification of effective gene or genes,
B. Gene transfer technology,
C. Regeneration ability from protoplasts, callus or tissues,
D. Gene expression of the product at desired level,
E. Proper integration of genes so that are carried for generations by
usual means of reproduction.
Once identification of bollworm inhibiting genes has been achieved,
molecular biologists have step by step solved the problems to
achieve perfect transgenics.
In case of cotton, Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer technique
has been essentially used (Firozabady et al., 1987).

19
Need of Bt cotton

20
Bt toxin mechanism of action

(Venugopal et al., 2002)

21
Reduced insecticide usage for Bollworm control

Clearly, insecticide usage for bollworm control

decreased after 2004 and usage for sucking pest
control increased after 2006.
(Kranthi & Reddy, 2012)

22
 Value of the total pesticide market in India in 1998 and
2006 relative to the value of the cotton insecticide market

Item/Year 1998 2006

Total pesticide market (in million US$) US$770 million US$900 million

Cotton insecticides as % of total pesticide 30% 18%

market
Cotton insecticides as % of total insecticide 42% 28%
market
Value in US$ millions of cotton bollworm US$147 million US$65 million
market & (savings due to Bt cotton) in 2006
over 1998
(Savings of US$82 million, or 56%, compared with 1998)

(Bhagirath Choudhary and Kadambini Gaur, 2010)

 Consumption of pesticides in India, 2001 to 2006
(metric tons of technical grade or active ingredient)

Year 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Total 47,020 48,350 41,020 40,672 39,773 37,959
pesticide
Central insecticide Board and Registration committee, Ministry of Agriculture, 2008.
 Reason for increased Pesticide use again
Approval of 1128 Bt-hybrids across the country by
2012.
Many of these hybrids are susceptible to sucking
pests.
Increase in the area under sucking pest-susceptible
hybrids
Increase in resistance levels of jassids to Imidacloprid
and many other recommended insecticides

25
 Refugia
Non-Bt version of the crop is planted in the vicinity of
the Bt-crop.
To ensure the survival and maintenance of susceptible
insect populations on the non-Bt crop.
When susceptible alleles mated with the rare resistant
survivors from transgenic plants would result in
heterozygous progeny which would express
susceptibility.
The resistant alleles are recessive in nature.
26
 Bio safety of Bt Cotton
The Cry toxins are specifically toxic to specific classes of insects.
Cry1Ac is toxic to three species of cotton bollworms, but is less toxic
to the tobacco caterpillar and it is non-toxic to other classes of
insects which are sap-sucking pests.
Other Cry toxins as Cry1F and Cry1C are more toxic to tobacco
caterpillar and relatively less toxic to the cotton bollworms.
Bt-cotton expressing Cry1Ac is non-toxic to other non-target
organisms such as beneficial insects, birds, fish, animals and human
beings.
No Detection of Cry1Ac Protein in Soil After Multiple Years of
Transgenic Bt Cotton (Bollgard) Use
(James et al., 2002)

27
 A study was conducted at ICARs Central Avian
Research Institute
Methodical studies were conducted with broiler chickens
and tested by feeding of Bt cotton seed meal for the effect
of Bt protein.
Birds were weighed at weekly intervals to observe weight
loss or gain.
The results of the study revealed that the body weight gain
and feed conversion efficiency, did not differ statistically
over all phases of study.

28
Bio safety of Bt cotton with Cry1ac gene on common carp

(KK Jain et al., 2006)

29
 Bio safety in human beings:
The stomach of humans, being contains proteases like
pepsin which degrade the Bt protein.
Alkaline condition needed for pro-toxin solubilization
and protease action required for toxin activation are
absent in the stomach.
Human intestine lacks the specific receptors to which
the activated Bt protein binds and initiates the
physiological effect.
Cotton seed oil is a by-product of Bt-cotton and is used
in all the cotton growing countries.
Bt-toxins or Bt-DNA were not detected in refined oil.

30
 Bt-cotton impact on biodiversity
Desi cottons are diploid (of 2n=26) in their genetic
constitution
Whereas the American cotton (G. hirsutum) is allo-
tetraploid (4n=52).
Desi cottons species and the tetraploid cotton are
incompatible for cross-fertilization.
[All Bt cotton commercialized in India are tetraploid
cottons]

31
 Impact of Bt-cotton in environment
The last 13 years GM crops delivered significant
environmental benefits by reducing the insecticide usage
by 50% and doubling the level of ladybirds, lacewings
and spiders (Lu et al., 2012).
Laboratory feeding experiments using Bt and non Bt
cotton were carried out to study the effect of Bt fed
aphids on predator indicated no difference in incubation
period, longevity of grubs and adults, fecundity and
aphid consumption potential indicating safety of Cry1Ac
to predator through intoxicated aphid host (Udikeri.,
2006).

32
 Availability of Bt-hybrids in India?
The Bt-cotton technology was first approved in 2002 by the GEAC
for commercial cultivation in central and south Indian cotton
growing zones in India in the form of three hybrids (MECH-12,
MECH-162, and MECH-184).

Subsequently, the GEAC approved RCH-2 (Rasi seeds) in 2004,

for cultivation in the central and southern zones.

By May 2012 there were 1128 Bt cotton hybrids available in

the market.

33
 Who developed the technology?
Six Bt cotton events have been approved thus far in India for
commercial cultivation.
There are four Bt Cotton events expressing Cry1Ac, one event
with Cry1C, and one event with Cry2Ab.
Monsanto: MON531 (Cry1Ac) event Bollgard;
Monsanto: Mon15985 (Cry2Ab2) event in Bollgard-II
JK seeds, India: JK Event-1 (Cry1Ac);
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China: GFM
Cry1A (Cry1Ac), introduced by Nath seeds India;
NRCPB, New Delhi and UAS Dharwad, India: BNLA601
(Cry1Ac) event; Commercialized by CICR,
Nagpur: Metahelix, India: Event 9124 (Cry1C) event
34
 Advantages of Bt cotton

Control bollworms.
Increased yields: due to effective protection from
bollworm damage.
Reduction in pesticide use for bollworm control
Before that: 9400 M tonnes of insecticides were
used for bollworm control in India.
In 2011, only 222 M tonnes were used for
bollworm control.
35
Benefits of Bt cotton in India for the years,
1998 to 2009

(Bhagirath Choudhary et al., 2010)

Increase in cotton area after the Bt cotton introduction

Cotton area was on the decline in India because of frequent

bollworm infestation.
The area declined from an average of 87 lakh hectares to 78
lakh hectares in 2011 to 2002
With the advent of Bt-cotton, the area increased to 121.91
lakh hectares in 2011.
Thus there was an additional increase of at least 30 lakh
hectares because of the introduction of Bt-cotton.

37
 State wise cotton area (lakh ha) from 2002-12
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Punjab 4.49 4.52 5.09 5.57 6.07 6.04 5.27 5.11 5.30 5.60

Haryana 5.19 5.26 6.21 5.83 5.30 4.83 4.56 5.07 4.92 6.05

Rajasthan 3.86 3.44 4.38 4.54 3.50 3.69 3.02 4.44 3.35 5.30

Gujarat 16.34 16.47 19.06 20.77 23.90 24.22 23.54 26.25 26.33 30.23

Maharashtra 28 27.66 28.40 28.89 30.70 31.95 31.42 35.03 39.32 40.95

MP 5.45 5.91 5.76 6.35 6.39 6.30 6.25 6.11 6.50 7.06

AP 8.03 8.37 11.78 9.72 9.72 11.33 13.99 14.75 17.84 18.54

Karnataka 3.93 3.13 5.21 3.81 3.75 4.03 4.08 4.55 5.45 5.49

TN 0.85 1.03 1.29 1.52 1.22 0.99 1.09 1.04 1.22 1.21

Others 0.53 0.51 0.68 0.80 0.87 0.76 0.84 0.75 1.19 1.48

Total 76.67 76.3 87.9 88.20 91.40 94.14 94.06 103.10 111.42 121.91

Cotton Advisory Board

38
 Area of adaption of Bt cotton in thousand ha, by state
(2002 2008)
State Region 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Maharashtra 12.4 21.9 161.8 508.7 1840.0 2880.0 3130.0

Gujarat 9.1 41.7 126.0 149.2 470.0 908.0 1360.0

Madhya Pradesh 1.5 13.3 86.0 136.4 310.0 500.0 620.0
Andhra Pradesh 3.8 5.5 71.2 90.4 830.0 1090.0 1320.0
Karnataka 2.2 3.0 34.3 29.3 85.0 145.0 240.0
Tamil Nadu 0.3 7.7 12.0 17.0 45.0 70.0 90.0
Northern Zone 83.5 215.0 682.0 840.0
Other 5.0 5.0 5.0

Total 29.5 93.0 491.5 1014.5 3800.0 6200.0 7605.0

(Indiastat, 2005 and James 2008)

39
 Bt Cotton area (% of total cotton cultivation) in India
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Punjab - - - 7 21 50 76 82 80 94
Haryana - - - 2 8 46 66 82 87 92
Rajasthan - - - 1 1 10 26 67 68 70
Gujarat 1 3 7 10 19 35 40 51 56 74

Maharashtra - 1 7 22 57 82 91 91 96 96

MP - 2 14 22 49 80 98 98 99 99
AP - 1 8 27 68 84 89 99 100 99
Karnataka 1 1 4 6 12 27 50 66 69 74
Tamilnadu - 3 12 12 38 67 97 60 74 82

- Kranthi, CICR
40
 Cotton Production in lakh bales (2002 to 2011)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Punjab 9 11 16.5 21 24 22 17.5 14.3 16 17
Haryana 10 11.5 15.5 14 15 16 14 14.8 14 16
Rajasthan 6.5 8.5 11 11 9 9 7.5 11 9 15
Gujarat 33 50 73 80 103 112 90 98 103 114
Maharashtra 33 31 52 46 50 62 62 63 82 82
MP 17 19.5 16 15 19 21 18 15 17 18
AP 22 26 32.5 30 36 46 53 52 53 55
Karnataka 6 4 8 7 6 8 9 9 10 14
Tamilnadu 6 3.5 5.5 5.5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Others 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 4
Loose 8.5 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Total 152 177 243 243 280 315 290 295 325 353

Cotton Advisory Board

41
 Cotton area and Production (2001 to 2011)
140 400

120 350

Production (lakh bales)

300
100
Area (lakh ha)

250
80
200
60
150
40
100

20 50

0 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Area Production
42
 Yield increase with Bt cotton in the major four Countries

Country Year of Bt cotton Total cotton Adoption Yield before Yield % increase
release Area 2010 Area 2010 rate release (2011) In yield
(Lakh ha) (lakh ha)

India 2002 94 111.4 82.45 292 531 82

USA 1995 40 43.3 92.37 602 886 47

China 1997 35 51.5 61.16 890 1326 49

Australia 1996 05 5.9 84.74 1425 1839 29

International Cotton Advisory Committee, ICAC, Washington

43
Area, Production and Productivity of cotton
Area Production in
Year ( lakh hectares) (lakh bales) Yield kg h-1
1950-51 58.82 34.30 99
1960-61 76.10 60.12 134
1970-71 76.05 56.64 127
1980-81 78.23 78.00 169
1990-91 74.39 117.00 267
2000-01 85.76 140.00 278
2001-02 87.30 158.00 308
2002-03 76.67 136.00 302
2003-04 76.30 179.00 399
2004-05 87.86 243.00 470
2005-06 86.77 241.00 472
2006-07 91.44 280.00 521
2007-08 94.14 307.00 554
2008-09 94.06 290.00 524
2009-10 103.10 305.00 503
2010-11 111.42 339.00 517
2011-12 121.78 353.00 493
2012-13 116.14 334.00 489
Cotton advisory board
44
 Average Productivity in India (Before and after Bt)
600

550

500
Yield kg h-1

450

400

350
- Before Bt
300

250
- After Bt
200
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

45
 Negative fallout of the cultivation of Bt cotton

Only 40 intra-hirsutum hybrids were released by the

public sector over 40 years.

But, more than 1000 Bt-cotton hybrids were

approved by the GEAC in five years from 2007 to
2012.

1128 Bt-cotton hybrids approved for commercial

cultivation by 2012

46
 Cont. . .
Seed testing agencies are finding it difficult to
monitor the quality of seed.

With seed shortage of popular hybrids, farmers are

persuaded to try new hybrids every year.

Most of the Bt cotton hybrids available are

susceptible to the sucking pests, thus necessitating
increase in pesticide usage.

47
 Yields stagnating in India
In India Bt cotton is available only as Bt hybrids
In the rest of the world Bt cotton is available only as
a few straight varieties.
Bt hybrids are of 180 to 200 day duration and are not
suited for rain-fed conditions.
Late sown hybrids suffer from severe moisture stress
during the critical period.
Hybrids also tend to be input-intensive

48
 Cont. . .
Hybrids are susceptible to sap-sucking insects, leaf-
curl virus and leaf reddening.
Before 2002, the area under non-Bt hybrid-cotton
was less than two per cent in north India and about
40 per cent in central and south India.
By 2011, more than 96 per cent of the cotton area
was under hybrid cotton, more specifically the Bt
hybrid.
For rain-fed regions, characterized by low input use,
early-maturing straight varieties are the best option.

49
 Major criticisms of Bt-cotton
The Karnataka Ryta Sangha conducted public
demonstrations against Bt-cotton and uprooted a
few Bt-cotton experimental plots in 1998 and 1999
with misleading accusations of the possible
presence of the terminator genes in Bt-cotton.
Clearly crop failures resulting from either abiotic or
biotic stress, were being attributed to Bt-technology.
Parawilt was a problem that was known to occur in
cotton in the mid 1970s.
A few hybrids were found to be susceptible to the
sudden-wilt symptoms.

50
 Cont. . .
The introduction of a few new hybrids, the problem
resurfaced again and farmers were incorrectly
associating Bt-cotton with parawilt.
Studies showed that fungi, bacteria and nematodes
were not involved in sudden wilt, but flagellate
protozoans in the phloem of wilted plants were
observed (Mayee., 1997)

51
Cotton and farmers suicide in Maharashtra

An agrarian crisis has precipitated a spate of suicides

in Maharashtra.
The suicide mortality rate for farmers in the state has
increased from 15 in 1995 to 57 in 2004.
The rain-dependent cotton growing farmers of
Vidarbha are faced with declining profitability
because of dumping in the global market by the US,
low import tariffs, failure of the Monopoly Cotton
Procurement Scheme (Srijit Mishra., 2006).

52
 Farmer suicides and Bt cotton area in India, 1997-2007
19000 7000

18000 6000

Area in Thousand ha
17000 5000
Farmers Suicide

16000 4000

15000 3000

14000 2000

13000 1000

12000 0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Farmers suicide Area Adoption Linear (Farmers suicide)

- National Crime Records Bureau

- Cotton Advisory Board 53
 Average annual rainfall of India (1997 to 2010)
1000

950

900
Rainfall mm

850

800

750

700

650

600
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Rainfall Trend line

- NATIONAL CLIMATE CENTRE 54
 Issues on Farmers suicide
Between 2001 and the summer of 2007, more than
4,500 cases of farmer suicides were reported in the
four states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and
Maharashtra (Mukherjee 2007).
Since the beginning of this crisis, many reports have
been published by the government and NGOs,
involved in agricultural issues in India
Some of these reports focused on the relationship
between Bt cotton and farmer suicides, while others
concentrated on conditions facing farmers and the
context in which they committed suicides.
55
Still, most reports tend to reflect the polarized views
on Bt cotton itself, without providing a
comprehensive understanding of the actual situation.

A mono-causal explanation for farmer suicides

would be totally inadequate.
That a complex set of socioeconomic factors play a
role.
Nagaraj., 2008
56
57
 Performance of newly developed Bt hybrids

BG II Hybrid Seed cotton Increase over GP Lint yield 2.5%SL UR % MIC

Yield (kg/ha) Bunny BG I (kg/ha)
7213-2 1726 26.9 39.19 676 30.0 47 4.0
7215-2 2093 53.8 41.77 874 28.4 48 4.0
Tulsi 171 1738 27.7 41.56 711 29.8 47 3.9
Ankur 3066 1263 - 36.03 455 27.1 50 3.8
VBCH 1543 1265 - 36.41 460 29.6 46 3.8
SSCH 333 1601 17.7 39.44 631 29.7 48 3.8
KCH 108 1765 29.7 38.62 681 30.5 49 4.1
ACH 199-2 1730 27.2 36.80 636 28.7 50 4.1

(Bhatade et al., 2013)

 Effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on seed cotton
yield and economics of Bt cotton
Treatments Seed cotton yield GR NR BC ratio
(kg/ha)
Spacing cm (Main plot)
S1 - 120 X 90 2099 66890 37358 2.25
S2 - 90 X 90 2358 75316 44297 2.41
S3 - 90 X 60 2764 87436 54143 2.62
S4 - 180 X 30 2744 89577 54712 2.59
S5 - 150 X 30 3162 98498 63450 2.80
Fertilizer levels kg/ha (Sub plot)
F1 -100:50:50 2226 71012 46623 2.33
F2 -125:62.5:62.5 2401 77058 44971 2.39
F3 - 150:75:75 2644 84032 50380 2.49
F4 - 175:87.5:87.5 2754 86822 51844 2.48
F5 - 200:100:100 2864 90525 54208 2.53
(Asewar et al., 2013)
 Yield and economics of Bt cotton as influenced by
integrated foliar nutrition

Treatments Seed cotton Cost of Gross Net return BC

yield (kg/ha) cultivation return ratio
M1 - Control 2008 23124 54225 31100 2.35
M2 - KNO3 2% 2283 26448 61653 35164 2.33
M3 - MgSO4 1% 2446 25131 66048 40917 2.63
M4 - DAP 2% 2389 24328 64512 40183 2.66
M5 - MgSO4 1% 2506 28172 67656 39483 2.40
+ KNO3 2%

(Shekhar et al., 2013)

 Effect of ethrel dose and time of application on
growth, yield and duration of Bt cotton.
Trt. Sympodia/ Bolls/ Seed cotton Crop Duration
plant plant yield (kg/ha) (days)
Ethrel application
T1 - 1500ppm @ 130DAS 41.3 78.9 2544 175

T2 - 1500pm @ 145DAS 41.7 85.7 2825 176

T3 - 2000ppm @ 130DAS 44.9 84.2 2718 178

T4 - 2000ppm @ 145DAS 45.7 85.6 2844 174

T5 - 2500ppm @ 130DAS 45.1 77.6 2731 176

T6 - 2500ppm @ 145DAS 47.0 86.4 3065 175

T7 - Control 45.4 77.7 2610 202

(Buttar and Sudeep singh., 2013)

 To screen the events for better growth and
yield based on Physiological parameters

Different events SCY Boll/pl Boll weight Sympodia. Height.

(Kg/ha) (g/boll) (cm.)

JK-Durga- Bt 1277.00 20.33 3.03 13.00 74.00

JK-Durga-N Bt 1192.00 18.00 2.88 15.41 62.89
MRC7301- BG 11 1450.00 17.33 2.76 15.07 66.11
MRC7301- N Bt 1255.75 18.33 3.17 14.33 62.00
Vishwnath -Bt 1215.01 18.00 3.13 13.67 61.00
Vishwnath -NBt 1262.07 18.00 2.93 14.67 73.11
A jit-155-1 BG-1 1623.41 23.00 3.90 15.63 73.67
A jit-155-1 -NBt 1594.33 17.67 3.11 16.52 58.33
NHH-44 Bt 1400.00 21.67 2.86 14.26 61.67
NHH-44 NBt 1414.33 19.33 3.03 12.91 73.33
(Prakash et al, 2012)
 Seed Cotton yield of Bt and Non Bt cotton Hybrids

2010 - 2011 2011-12 Pooled

Genotypes
Bt Non Bt Bt Non Bt Bt Non Bt

Bunny 1930 1210 2817 2370 2374 1790

JK.C'H-99 2203 1183 2860 2235 2532 1709
JK DURGA 2879 1180 3032 1879 2956 1530
MRC -7301 2118 1240 2302 2023 2210 1632
MRC-7351 2264 1049 2915 1740 2590 1395

(Manickan et al., 2012)

 Effect of foliar spray of nutrients on yield and
yield components of cotton (RCH-134 Bt)
No. of Boll wt. Yield/plant S.C. Yield
Treatment holl/plant (g) (kg/ha)
<g)
Control 42.0 2.92 121 2562
Water spray 45.0 3.04 135 2808
Urea (2%) 47.0 3.02 142.1 2901
Dap (2%) 46.3 3.00 137.5 2870
MOP 2% 45.0 3.13 141.0 2870
MgS04 (1 %) 52.0 2.91 148.4 3086
Urea+DAP (2%) 48.0 2.86 138.0 2916
Urea+DAP+MgS04 (2%) 54.0 2.83 152.0 3132
Urea+DAP+MOP 48.6 2.89 141.2 2932
KN03(1%) 52.0 2.83 146.7 3055
C.D. (5%) 2.2 0.09 5.4 112
(Nehra et al., 2012)
Yield and economics of Bt cotton and intercrops in
multitier system

(Sankaranarayanan et al., 2011)

 Cont. . .
Since the component vegetable inter-crops viz.,
coriander within 30- 45 DAS, radish at 45 DAS, cluster
beans and beet root within 75 DAS were harvested,
none of the above crops competed with the main
crop of cotton during the growth and development.
As a result, almost statistically similar growth
characters, yield attributes and seed cotton yield
were recorded in base crop cotton under inter/ sole
crop systems.
Weed management study in Bt cotton in North zone
Treatments Faridkot Bathinda Sirsa Sriganganagar
T1 2696 3057 2743 1728
T2 3219 3070 1951 -
T3 2968 3178 2225 1523
T4 3412 3205 2560 1821
T5 2463 2923 2012 1512
T6 3105 3138 1951 1574
T7 2327 2909 1768 1481
T8 3652 3138 2804 1883
T9 1370 1750 1403 1219

(AICCIP Annual Report, 2013)

Farm level economic performance of Bt cotton
(Rhichard Bennett et al., 2006)
Adoption of Bt cotton and Impact Variability

(Matin qaim et al., 2006)

CONCLUSION

72
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