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and Institutions
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CONTENTS
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL REGULATIONS
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AN OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL
SYSTEM
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I. AN OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL
MARKETS
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What is Financial system?
Financial system (FS) a framework for
describing set of markets, organisations, and
individuals that engage in the transaction of
financial instruments (securities), as well as
regulatory institutions.
- the basic role of FS is essentially channelling of
funds within the different units of the economy
from surplus units to deficit units for
productive purposes.
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1. What is Financial Markets?
Financial markets perform the essential function of
channeling funds from economic players that have saved
surplus funds to those that have a shortage of funds
At any point in time in an economy, there are individuals or
organizations with excess amounts of funds, and others
with a lack of funds they need for example to consume or
to invest.
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I.2 Structure of Financial Markets
Financial markets can be categorized as follows:
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Debt vs Equity
Financial markets are split into debt and equity markets.
Debt titles are the most commonly traded security. In these arrangements,
the issuer of the title (borrower) earns some initial amount of money
(such as the price of a bond) and the holder (lender) subsequently receives
a fixed amount of payments over a specified period of time, known as
the maturity of a debt title.
Debt titles can be issued on short term (maturity < 1 yr.), long term
(maturity >10 yrs.) and intermediate terms (1 yr. < maturity < 10 yrs.).
The holder of a debt title does not achieve ownership of the borrowers
enterprise.
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Debt vs Equity
Equity titles are somewhat different from bonds. The most common
equity title is (common) stock.
Equity titles do not expire and their maturity is, thus, infinite. Hence
they are considered long term securities.
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PRIMARY MARKETS Vs SECONDERY MARKETS
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MONEY MARKETS VS CAPITAL MARKETS
Money markets are markets in which only short term debt titles
are traded.
Capital markets are markets in which longer term debt and equity
instruments are traded.
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I.3 INSTRUMENTS TRADED
IN THE FINANCIAL MARKETS
Principal Money Market Instruments (maturity < 1 yr.)
Source: Miskin 13
I.3. INSTRUMENTS TRADED
IN THE FINANCIAL MARKETS (Cont)
INSTRUMENTS TRADED IN THE CAPITAL MARKETS
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Source: Miskin
I.3 INSTRUMENTS TRADED
IN THE FINANCIAL MARKETS
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Valuing a Bond
C1 C2 1,000 CN
PV 1
2
... N
(1 r) (1 r) (1 r)
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Valuing a Bond
What is the discount rate = market determined,
affected by perceived risk?
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Valuing a Bond
Clearly higher rates lead to a fall in price
as bond maturity.
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Interest Rates
Sensitivity of bond prices to interest rate changes?
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What effects bond prices?
1. Interest rates
2. Coupon and Maturity
3. Credit ratings, (Moodys, S&P etc.)
4. Economic Environment
Flight to quality?
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Functions of Financial markets
Price Determination
Financial markets determine the prices of financial assets. The
secondary market herein plays an important role in determining the
prices for newly issued assets
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Functions of Financial markets
Coordination and Provision of Information
The exchange of funds is characterized by a high amount of incomplete
and asymmetric information. Financial markets collect and provide much
information to facilitate this exchange.
Risk Sharing
Trade in financial markets is partly motivated by the transfer of risk from
borrowers to lenders who use the obtained funds to invest
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Functions of Financial markets
Liquidity
The existence of financial markets enables the owners of assets to
buy and resell these assets. Generally this leads to an increase in
the liquidity of these financial instruments
Efficiency
The facilitation of financial transactions through financial markets
lead to a decrease in informational cost and transaction costs,
which from an economic point of view leads to an increase in
efficiency.
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II.FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
What are Financial Institutions?
Financial Institutions and their function
Types of Financial Institutions
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II.1What are Financial Institutions ?
Financial intermediaries are firms that collect the funds from lenders and
channel those funds to borrowers (Mishkin)
Financial intermediaries are firms whose primary business is to provide
customers with financial products and services that can not be obtained
more efficiently by transacting directly in securities markets (Z.Bodie
&Merton)
Brokers are agents who match buyers with sellers for a desired
transaction.
A broker does not take position in the assets she/he trades (i.e. does not
maintain inventories of those assets)
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II.1What are Financial Institutions? (Cont)
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II.1What are Financial Institutions? (Cont)
Investment Banks
Investment banks assist in the initial sale of newly issued securities (e.g.
IPOs)
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II.1What are Financial Institutions? (Cont)
Financial Intermediaries
Reduce Risk
Risk Sharing (Asset Transformation)
Diversification
Through the process of asset transformation not only maturities, but also the risk
of an asset can change: A financial intermediary uses funds it acquires (e.g.
through deposits) and often turns them into a more risky asset (e.g. a larger loan).
The risk then is spread out between various borrowers and the financial
intermediary itself.
The process of risk sharing is further augmented through diversification of 32assets
(portfolio-choice), which involves spreading out funds over a portfolio of assets
II.2 Functions of Financial Intermediaries:
Indirect Finance
Reduce Asymmetric Information
Asymmetric Information in financial markets - one party often
does not know enough about the other party to make accurate
decisions.
Adverse Selection (before the transaction)more likely to
select risky borrower
Moral Hazard (after the transaction)less likely borrower will
repay loan
=> Financial intermediaries are important in the production of
information. They help reduce informational asymmetries
about some unobservable quality of the borrower for example
through screening, monitoring or rating of borrowers, Net
worth and collateral.
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II.2 Functions of Financial Intermediaries:
Indirect Finance
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II.3TYPES OF FINANCIAL
INTERMEDIARIES
There are roughly three classes of financial intermediaries:
Depository institutions accept deposits from savers and transform
them into loans (Commercial banks, savings and loan associations,
mutual savings banks and credit unions)
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Commercial Bank
Credit Unions
Specialized Banks
Financial Contractual
Intermed savings Insurance Companies
iaries Institutions
Pension Funds
Finance Companies
Investment
Intermedarie
s Mutual Funds (Investment Funds)
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III. FINANCIAL REGULATION
2. Ensuring the soundness of financial intermediaries
Examples of some recent panics are the crises in the Asian Tiger states,
Argentina or Russia. The United States, while spared for most of the
second half of 20th century, has a long tradition of financial crises
throughout the 19th century up to the Great Depression.
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III. FINANCIAL REGULATION
3. Solutions for ensuring the soundness of financial
intermediaries
Restrictions on entry
Disclosure
Restrictions on Assets and Activities
Deposit Insurance
Limits on Competition
Restrictions on Interest Rates
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Financial regulation
Limits to Competition
An argument of politics rather than economics is that overly hard
competition in the banking sector increases the risk of bank
failure. This belief has (especially in the past) led to some
restrictions in the commercial banking sectors
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Financial regulation
Restriction of interest rates
The experience of the Great Depression in the U.S. has led to the
widespread belief that interest rate competition paid on deposits
might facilitate bank failure and to strong regulation of interest
rates on bank deposits
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