OUTLINE

Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI Model)

TCP/IP Model
OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION
MODEL
STANDARD INTERNETWORKING MODELS
OSI MODEL
What is OSI Model?
The first major attempt to internetwork various vendor-specific networks, with the
ultimate goal being that these different vendor networks could work together in
harmony.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created the OSI model.
Not widely used today, but prevalent in networking terminology and maybe helpful
in troubleshooting network issues
SEVEN LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL
UPPER LAYERS
Responsibility of the Upper Layers
The upper layers of the OSI model define communications between applications
that reside on end-user stations
Functions of the upper layers are related to software communications
APPLICATION LAYER
Functions of Application Layer
Provides an interface between a hosts communication software and any necessary
external applications (such as email, file transfers, and terminal emulation)
Synchronization of client/server applications
Error control and data integrity between applications
System-independent processes to a host

Application Layer Protocols

Telnet DNS NTP
HTTP SMTP DHCP
HTTPS POP3
FTP NFS
TFTP SNMP
PRESENTATION LAYER
Functions of Presentation Layer
Presents data to the Application layer.
Acts as a data format translator.
Handles the structuring of data and negotiating data transfer syntax to Layer 7.
Processes involved include data encryption, decryption, compression, and
decompression

Presentation Layer Protocols

JPEG MPEG
ASCII MIDI
EBCDIC RTF
TIFF
GIF
SESSION LAYER
Functions of Session Layer
Handles dialog control among devices.
Determines the beginning, middle, and end of a session or conversation that occurs
between applications (intermediary).

Session Layer Protocols

SQL
RPC
LOWER LAYERS
Responsibility of the Lower Layers
The focus of the lower layers of the OSI Model is data transport
The data can be done by a router, switch or physical wire
TRANSPORT LAYER
Functions of Transport Layer
Manages end-to-end connections and data delivery between two hosts.
Segments and reassembles data.

Transport Layer Protocols

TCP
UDP

Provides reliable networking through

Acknowledgments
Sequencing
Flow control
NETWORK LAYER
Functions of Network Layer
Determines best path for packet delivery across the network.
Determines logical addressing, which can identify the destination of a packet or
datagram.

Types of Packets
Data Packets
Router Update Packet
DATA LINK LAYER
Functions of Data Link Layer
Ensures reliable data transfer from the Network layer to the Physical layer.
Oversees physical or hardware addressing.
Formats packets into a frame.
Provides error notification.

Data Link Sublayers

Media Access Control (MAC)
Logical Link Control (LLC)
PHYSICAL LAYER
Functions of Physical Layer
Moves bits between nodes.
Assists with the activation, maintenance, and deactivation of physical connectivity
between devices.

Attributes of Physical Layer

Specification of voltage, wire speed, and pin-out cables
Capability to receive and transmit a data signal
Identification of the interface that is set up between the data terminal equipment
(DTE) and the data communication equipment (DCE)
LAYERED COMMUNICATION
LAYER PDU

Application

Presentation Data

Session

Transport Segments

Network Packets

Data Link Frames

Physical Bits
TCP/IP MODEL
STANDARD INTERNETWORKING MODELS
TCP/IP MODEL

What is the TCP/IP Model?

Also known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model
The goal was to provide reliable networking and data integrity in the event of a
disaster
OSI AND TCP/IP MODEL
OSI TCP/IP
Application
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Transport
Network Internet
Data Link
Network Access
Physical
APPLICATION LAYER

Functions of Application Layer

This layer combines functionalities of the three top layers of the OSI model
Also called the Process/Application layer.
All protocols of the upper layers of the OSI model are used as protocols in the
TCP/IP application layer
TRANSPORT LAYER
Functions of Transport Layer
Also known as the host to host layer
Responsible for reliable data delivery
Make certain that data arrives in the proper order

Protocols of Transport Layer

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
What is TCP?
TCP is a reliable connection-oriented protocol.
Uses acknowledgment, sequencing and flow control to ensure reliable connection

Application
Port No.
Protocol
FTP 20, 21
Telnet 23
SMTP 25
DNS 53
(Zone Transfer)

HTTP 80
POP3 110
HTTPS 443
USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL
What is UDP?
UDP is a connectionless protocol
It lacks sequence, acknowledgment, and windowing capabilities

Application
Port No.
Protocol
DCHP 67, 68
DNS 53
(name resolution)

TFTP 69
NTP 123
SNMP 161
INTERNET LAYER
Functions of Internet Layer
Corresponds to the Network layer of the OSI model

Protocols of Internet Layer

Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Reverse ARP and Proxy ARP

IP Key Characteristics ICMP ARP, RARP and PARP

IPv4 has 32 bits, divided Used by ping and ARP maps a known IP address
into 4 octets traceroute utilities to a MAC address
The minimum value (per RARP maps a known MAC
address to an IP address
octet) is 0 and the
PARP enables ARP for remote
maximum value is 255 hosts
NETWORK ACCESS LAYER

Functions of Network Access Layer

Combines the functions of the OSIs Physical and Data Link Layers
Manages hardware addressing and physical data transfer.
Thank you.
Standard Internetworking Models
Data Communications

Timothy M. Amado
Faculty, Electronics Engineering Department
Technological University of the Philippines Manila
tim.amado08@gmail.com