Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
California fire plumes Pollution off U.S. east coast Dust off West Africa
WHAT ABOUT CLOUDS?
% radiation
absorbed by
atmospheric
gases
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) observed by satellite in the UV
ATMOSPHERIC CO2 INCREASE OVER PAST 50 YEARS
EPA air quality standard for surface ozone is 0.075 ppm or 75 ppb
1.2 Number density nX [molecules cm-3]
Column concentration X = nX ( z )dz Proper measure for absorption or
0 scattering of radiation by atmosphere
mass of X M n
X X X
unit volume of air Av
THIS WEEKS STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER
http://ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov
l1 l2
Ozone layer
Scattering by
Earth surface
and atmosphere
Ozone
1 Dobson Unit (DU) = 0.01 mm ozone at STP absorption
= 2.69x1016 molecules cm-2 spectrum
THICKNESS OF OZONE LAYER IS MEASURED
AS A COLUMN CONCENTRATION
l1 l2
US AREAS EXCEEDING THE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5)
EPA AIR QUALITY STANDARD (2010)
URBAN
Typical U.S. aerosol
size distributions
by volume
RURAL
1.3 Partial pressure Px [Pa]
Add a lid:
escaping water molecules collide on lid and
return to surface; collision rate measures PH2O
Tk e PH2O,SAT k
CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON EQUATION: PH2O, SAT = f(T)
1 1 A = 6.11 hPa
PH 2O , SAT A exp[ B( )] B = - 5310 K
PH2O,SAT (hPa) T To To = 273 K
T (K)
Phase rule of physical chemistry
n=c+2-p
Questions
1. Oxygen has a fixed mixing ratio in the atmosphere. How would you
expect its number density measured in surface air to vary between day and
night? How would you expect its partial pressure measured in surface air to
vary between day and night?
http://weather.unisys.com
triple
gas-liquid point
metastable
equilibrium
EARTH VENUS
WHY CAN YOU SEE YOUR BREATH ON COLD MORNINGS?
Draw mixing lines (dashed) to describe dilution of your breath plume w/outside air
LIQ
Your breath
37oC, 100%RH
ICE cloud!
no cloud
Po
H 2O , SAT PH 2O,SAT x o
P
H 2O H 2O, SAT
solute
molecules
in green
water saturation vapor pressure water saturation vapor pressure
over pure liquid water surface over aqueous solution of water
mixing ratio xH2O
This requires:
1
RH 100(1 2 K s ) "deliquescence RH"
2
NaCl/H2O
Deliquescence RH;
depends on particle
composition