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Verb Group :
Verbs can consist of one or more than one
element as in , for example:
Kate hugged the baby.
Kate was hugging the baby.
Kate has been hugging the baby.
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Elements of verbs group
Verbs
2. auxiliary verbs
1. lexical verb (V) (AUX)
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- Means additional
- Giving help
- Auxiliary verbs can modify the
lexical verb by indicating Modality,
or Aspect , Voice , or Tense
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VP Verb group + dO
Vgp AUX + V
dO NP
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The verb group may signify Tense. Tense will also be
included under the category auxiliary.
There are two tenses in English :
1. Present (pres)
example : Kate hugs the baby.
2. Past (past)
example : Kate hugged the baby.
These tenses affect the form of the lexical verb.
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Tree diagram
S
NP VP
Vgp NP
[trans]
Aux
N Tense V Det N
Kate (pres) hugs the baby
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MODALITY allow us to express whether a state of affairs
is likely, possible, necessary and so on.
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The form of the verb which appears after a modal
is called the INFINITIVE. Infinitive form use V1.
For example :
The dog found a bone
The dog must find a bone
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Kate (pres) hugs the baby
S P dO
Kate will hug the baby
S P dO
The baby (past) cried hourly
S P A
The baby will cry hourly
S P A
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Auxiliary verbs which are not modals are called
PRIMARY auxiliaries.
These are: have, be, do
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Perfect aspect (PERF) is indicated by the
presence of the auxiliary verb have.
For example:
Sally has finished this book .
Sue had given the dog a bone
s
NP VP
N VGP
NP NP
(ditrans)
TENSE PERF
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The form of the verb which always follows the perfect
auxiliary is called ((the past participle)). It is important to
remember that the past in past participle does not
refer to tense .
RULES TO REMEMBER:
Auxiliaries perfect aspect
2. Perfect aspect : have + -en form (past
participle)
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The modal auxiliary can also combine with the perfect.
NP VP
N VGP
(ditrans)
NP NP
AUX V
DET N DET N
MOD PERF
The form of the verb which follows the progressive auxiliary is called the
PRESENT PARTICIPLE . It is the ing form of the verb.
RULE TO REMEMBER :
Auxiliaries _ progressive aspect
3. Progressive aspect: be + -ing
form ( present participle)
e.g . Was giving
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Sue was giving the dog a bone.
NP VP
N Vgp NP NP
[ditrans]
Aux DET N DET N
V
PROG
Tense
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The progressive can also combine with modal and/or perfect
auxiliaries. Again, each type of auxiliary may appear only once in
the verb group and if modal appears, then tense cannot. For
example:
Modal + progressive + V
Sue may be giving the dog a bone.
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Voice refers to whether a sentence or utterance is
in the ACTIVE or the PASSIVE .
Active :
A dog chased that girl .
Passive :
That girl was chased by a dog .
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tree diagram
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Rules to remember : Auxiliaries passive
voice
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*Passives can also appear with other
auxiliaries.
Modal + passive + V
The dog may be given a bone (by Sue).
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All combination are possible but it is important
to remember that:
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Rules to remember: order of
Auxiliaries:
1. Tense or modal+ infinitive
2. Perfect: have+ -en
3. Progressive: be+ -ing
4. Passive: be + -en + LEXICAL VERB
But to make the negative of the same statement the verb requires
do support as in :
RULE TO REMEMBER :
Auxiliary do
Do + infinitive
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Tree diagram
VP
Vgp NP
NP [trans]
AUX
Pro TENSE V N
She (pres) does like bananas
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