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(Monoprotic) Chapter 9
-
[H +
][F ]
HF (aq) -
H (aq) + F (aq)
+ Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4
[HF]
HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
Initial (M) 0.50 0.00 0.00
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M) 0.50 - x x x
x2
Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4 Ka << 1 0.50 – x ≈ 0.50
0.50 - x
x2
Ka ≈ = 7.1 x 10-4 x2 = 3.55 x 10-4
0.50 x = 0.019 M
[H+] = [F-] = 0.019 M
pH = -log [H+] = 1.72
[HF] = 0.50 – x = 0.48 M
When can I use the approximation?
Ka << 1 0.50 – x ≈ 0.50
[H+]
Percent ionization = x 100% [HA]0 = initial concentration
[HA]0
Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
weak base
Kb
strength
KaKb = Kw
Kw Kw
Ka = Kb =
Kb Ka
15.7
Fractional Ionization of a
Monoprotic Weak Acid
&
α α
The ratios are often called the "alpha“ (a) of acetate and acetic acid respectively.
Fractional Composition (α ) plot for acetic acid
α A ( pH )
α HA ( pH )
0.5
4.75
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
Ka [HA]
[H ] =
+
[A-] Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation
[HA]
-log [H+] = -log Ka - log
[A-] [conjugate base]
- pH = pKa + log
-log [H ] = -log Ka + log
+ [A ] [acid]
[HA]
-
pH = pKa + log [A ] pKa = -log Ka
[HA]
What is the pH of a solution containing 0.30 M HCOOH
and 0.52 M HCOOK?
[NH3] [0.30]
pH = pKa + log pKa = 9.25 pH = 9.25 + log = 9.17
[NH4+] [0.36]
[H3O+] = Ka ([HA]/[A-])
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
• In all multicellular organisms, the fluid within the cell and the
fluids surrounding the cells have a characteristic and nearly
constant pH. This pH is maintained in a number of ways, and one
of the most important is through buffer systems.
• If additional hydrogen ions enter the cellular fluid, they are consumed
in the reaction with HPO42- , and the equilibrium shifts to the left. If
additional hydroxide ions enter the cellular fluid, they react with
H2PO4-, producing HPO42-, and shifting the equilibrium to the right.
when the concentrations of H2PO4- and HPO42- are the same,
what will the pH equal?
7.21
In this buffer, carbonic acid (H2CO3) is the hydrogen-ion donor (acid) and hydrogen
carbonate ion (HCO3-) is the hydrogen-ion acceptor (base).
CO2(aq) CO2(g)
The concentration of hydrogen carbonate ions is
controlled through the kidneys. Excess hydrogen
carbonate ions are excreted in the urine.
The carbonic acid-hydrogen carbonate ion buffer works throughout the body to
maintain the pH of blood plasma close to 7.40. The body maintains the buffer by
eliminating either the acid (carbonic acid) or the base (hydrogen carbonate ions).
Changes in carbonic acid concentration can be effected within seconds through
increased or decreased respiration. Changes in hydrogen carbonate ion
concentration, however, require hours through the relatively slow elimination
through the kidneys
EXAMPLE: What is the ratio of [H2CO3]/[HCO3-]
in the