Biodiesel Production From Palm Kernel Oil

Using Calcium Oxide and Turkey Bones as

Catalysts

BY
USORO FONMA IFIOK
13CF015176
 OUTLINE
Introduction

Scope

Aim and Objectives

Justification

Literature Review

Experimental Design

Expected Result

Conclusion
 Introduction

Energy is an essential and vital input for economic activity. Building a strong base of
energy resources is a pre-requisite for the sustainable economic and social
development of a country.

Indiscriminate extraction and increased consumption of fossil fuels have led to the
reduction in under ground based carbon resources.

Energy crisis due to rapid depletion of fossil fuel and environmental air pollution due to
fossil fuel combustion are of alarming concerns worldwide. Exponentially increasing
population, rapid growth of industrialization and the global trend of urbanization have
totally disturbed the eco-balance and the balance of resources on earth.
Introduction (cont.)

Recent increase in petroleum prices and uncertainties

concerning petroleum availability triggered renewed
interest in vegetable oil derived fuels for diesel engines
(Demirbas 2003).
 Biodiesel

Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from

renewable sources such as vegetable oils and animal
fats. It is biodegradable and nontoxic has low emission
profiles and environment-friendly (Krawczyk T, 1996).
Advantages of Biodiesel

It can be directly used in a diesel engine without any

modification
Biodegradable
Good Lubricating power
No sulfur emission
Lower green house emissions
Disadvantage

Large scale productions may lead to a food versus fuel crisis

Variations in Product quality

High degradability
 SCOPE

The main focus of this research is to produce biodiesel from

palm kernel oil using the transesterification method. The
catalyst chosen for this method is to be a Calcium Oxide
serving as a heterogenous base catalyst, which is to be
derived from waste turkey bones by calcination method.
Various parameters are varied to see their effects on biodiesel
yield and then, the biodiesel quality will be assets
 Aim

The aim of this project is to

produce biodiesel from palm
kernel oil using calcium oxide
derived from turkey bones as
a solid catalyst
 Objectives

Preparation of turkey bones catalysts

Transesterification of palm kernel oil

Effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration on the

transesterification reaction

Effects of calcination temperature on the biodiesel yield

Effects of calcination time on the biodiesel yield

Study of the chemical kinetics of the transesterification reaction

Determination of the biodiesel properties

 Justification

This research would provide Nigeria with a cleaner, sustainable and alternative
source of energy.

Not many papers have been produced on the production of biodiesel using
plam kernel oil using turkey bones as a catalyst.

Palkm kernel oil is a perennial crop that grows natural in Nigeria meaning it can
be harvested multiple times, so it will not lead to food versus fuel crisis

Calcium oxide can be derived from waste bones, reducing the overhead cost
of biodiesel production.
Literature Review

Methods of Biodiesel Production

Transesterification

Catalysts

Factors affecting Transesterification

Biodiesel Characterization
Methods of biodiesel production

Pyrolysis

Dilution

Microemulsion

transesterification
Transesterification

Transesterification is the conversion of the triglyceride (oil/fat) with an

alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form esters and glycerol. (ma
et al 1999)

Typical vegetable oils comprise of 98% triglycerides and small amounts

of monoglycerides and diglycerides. these glycerides are esters of
glycerol and fatty acids. these fatty acids vary in their carbon chain
length and carbon to carbon bonds (j. peters and s.thielmann (2008).
Chemistry of Transesterification
Catalyst

Transesterification can be classified in terms of the catalysts phase;

Homogenous
Heterogenous
Factors effecting transesterification

Feedstock
Free Fatty Acid content
Moisture Content

Process Variables
Effects of temperature
Effects of molar ratio
Effects of catalyst Concentration
Effects of Reaction time
 Experimental Design

The various chemicals used for the synthesis, purification and

characterization of biodiesel discussed in this thesis are listed below:
Calcium Oxide (technical grade)
Palm kernel oil
Turkey Bones
Methanol (technical grade)
NaOH
Equipment

Hammer mill
Hydraulic Press
Magnetic stirrer
Bearkers
Conical Flasks
Thermometers
Burette
Pipette
Phenolphthalein
 Pretreatment of waste turkey bones (WTB)

High
Cleaning &
WTB Hydraulic press temperature Hammer mill
drying
cooking

Storage Sieving Calcination

 PRETREATMENT OF PKO

PKO Heat mixing Clarification oven

NaOH Soap Dried PKO

 Overall design

Methanol+
Calcined
CaO

PKO
Pretreatment Transesterification Separation Hot Washing Biodiesel

Heat Glycerol+
Glycerol+
Methanol+
Methanol+
water
Factors to be Varied

Reaction Temperature
Reaction Time
Catalyst Concentration
Calcination Temperature
Calcination time
Biodiesel Properties

Fuel quality is of the utmost concern and importance to the biodiesel industry.

Acid value
Iodine Value
Heating Value
Density and Specific gravity
Kinematic viscosity
Flash point
Cetane number
Cloud point
Pour Point
Expected Result

Seeing that the quality of biodiesel is dependent on the feedstock, with

the pretreatment steps, the final biodiesel product should be in
accordance with ASTM D 6751

CaO has a good catalytic activity capable of producing a biodiesel with

a yield of 93-98%
Conclusion

Biodiesel is a good substitute for petro diesel when produced properly

Turkey bones is a renewable source from which CaO can be derived with
to be used as a catalyst in the transesterification reaction
Refrences

Demirbas A. (2003), Biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils via catalytic and
non catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other
methods: a survey, Energy Convers Manage., Vol. 44, pp. 2093-2109.
Ma F., Clements L.D. and Hanna M.A. (1998) Biodiesel fuel form animal
fat. ancillary studies on transesterification of beef tallow, Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res., Vol. 37, pp. 3768-3771.
Peters , J. and S. Thielmann (2008) Promoting biofuels: Implications for
developing countries, Energy Policy, 36, 15381544.
Krawczy K.T. (1996), Biodiesel - alternative fuel makes inroads but
hurdles remain, INFORM 7, pp. 801-829.