Chapter Five

Program Design
 Objectives
O Be able to choose and prepare a training
site based on how trainees will be involved
and interact with the content and each
other in the course
O Prepare for instruction using a curriculum
road map, lesson plan, design document,
and concept map
O Explain how trainees age, generational
differences, and personality might influence
how programs are designed
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 Objectives
O Prepare a request for proposal (RFP) and a
list of questions to evaluate training
consultants and suppliers
O Explain the program design elements that
should be included to ensure near and far
transfer of training
O Develop a self-management module for a
training program

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 Objectives
O Design application assignments and action
plans to enhance learning and transfer of
training
O Make recommendations about what
managers can do before, during, and after
training to facilitate learning and transfer
O Identify different ways to manage
knowledge and the conditions necessary
for employees to share knowledge
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 Importance of Program
Design
O Program design refers to the organization
and coordination of training
O Program design is the heart of effective
training because it directly influences
knowledge and skill acquisition
O Programs must be carefully designed to
ensure maximum learning

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 Three Phases of Design
O Phase 1: Pre-Training
o Involves preparing and motivating
trainees to attend training
O Phase 2: The Learning Event
o Involves preparing instruction and the
physical environment
O Phase 3: Post-Training
o Designing strategies to facilitate transfer

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 The Training Site
O Comfortable and accessible

O Quiet, private, and free from interruptions

O Sufficient space for trainees to move around

easily, offers enough room for trainees to
have adequate work space, and has good
visibility

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 The Training Room
O Create an environment conducive to
learningthere are a number of details to
consider

room wall & floor

noise colors lighting chairs
structure covering

electrical
glare ceiling acoustics technology
outlets

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 Seating Arrangements

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 When does each work?
O Fan-type seating
o trainees can easily switch from listening
to practicing in groups
O Classroom-type seating
o appropriate when lecture and audiovisual
presentations are the primary methods

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 When does each work?
O Conference-type seating
o appropriate for total groups discussions
(with no small group interaction)
O Horseshoe type-seating
o appropriate for both presentation and
total group instruction

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 Choosing Trainers
O Trainers need to be both skilled in the
subject matter at hand and in program
facilitation
O Given that trainers are central to learning
experience, great care should be taken
when selecting outside vendors

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 Create a Learning Setting
O When choosing a training room, determine
the extent to which trainees decide when,
where, and how they will learn, and whether
learning will occur by interaction with
others

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 Preparation of Materials
O Know content very well

O Use mental and physical rehearsal to build

your confidence and assess your strengths
and areas for improvement
O Observe master trainers to get new ideas

O Design the training from the audiences

perspectiveask So what?

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 Adapt to Generational
Differences
O Traditionalists prefer a standard training
room, an orderly environment, and do not
like being put on the spot
O Baby Boomers prefer classroom learning,
interactive activities, and materials that
provide an overview and means to access
more detailed information

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 Adapt to Generational
Differences
O Generation Xers prefer a self-directed
learning environment that includes
technology-delivered methods

O Millennials like to learn by working alone

and helping others to learn; they prefer
blended learning

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 Adapt to Generational
Differences
O Nexters prefer entertaining training
activities; they respond well to training that
is interactive and creative

O Because most groups include a mix of

generations, provide a learning
environment that can benefit all learners

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 Pre-Training Motivation
O Communicate to trainees the purpose of
the course, objectives, prerequisites, and
who else will be attending

O Assign pre-work to ensure trainees come to

the program with a sense of focus and a
basic understand of training content

O Managers should encourage attendance

and set expectations for learning

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 Provide an Overview
O Give the big picture, including objectives,
timeline, and activities, and assignments

O A concept map can be used for organizing

and presenting knowledge
o Includes concepts shown in boxes, with
relationships between concepts indicated
by connecting lines

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 Example Concept Map

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 Help Trainees Retain & Recall
Content
O Chunk learning topics into short sessions of
no longer than 20 minutes

O Incorporate mnemonics and metaphors

O Have trainees consider how they can use

what they are learning

O Incorporate application assignments

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 Classroom Management
O Monitor the room for extra chairs,
overflowing trash cans, and materials left
from previous sessions

O Why is doing this important? Why might

trainers fail to do this?

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 Interacting with Trainees
O Communicate topics to be covered, the
learning approach, and expectations
O Be cognizant of the self-fulling prophecy
O Be dramatic to emphasize key points
O To create intimacy in large rooms, move
toward trainees
O Facilitate discussions from different parts of
the room

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 Getting Trainees Involved
O Involvement is key to engaging trainees and
facilitating learning
o Prepare questions to be discussed in
breakout groups
o Use creative activities and games
o Use assessments for trainees to learn
about themselves and others
o Incorporate roleplaying

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 Discussions
O Discussions can be an effective means to
engage trainees, but need to be planned

O Discussions can be used to brainstorm ideas

and solutions, debrief activities, apply
knowledge, and evaluate experiences

O Use open-ended questions, different

opening questions, follow-up questions,
and discussion prompts
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 Disruptive Trainees
O Disruptions should be managed, not
ignored
O Address disruptions tactfully

O For trainees who disrupt, sleep, or interrupt,

consider using activities to engage them
O Ask disruptive trainees to leave as a last
resort

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 Managing Group Dynamics
O To ensure an even distribution of expertise,
ask trainees to indicate whether they
consider themselves novice, experienced, or
expert
O Arrange groups with individuals of different
expertise
O Group dynamics can be altered by changing
learners positions in the room

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 Curriculum, Course, &
Lesson Design
O A curriculum refers to an organized
program of study designed to meet a
complex learning objective
O A course or program covers more specific
learning objectives and addresses a more
limited number of competencies

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 Curriculum Road Map
O A curriculum road map refers to a figure
that shows:
o all of the courses in a curriculum
o paths that learners can take through it
o sequences in which courses have to be
completed

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 Curriculum Road Map
O Design document
o outlines scope of project, delivery
methods, and objectives
o used to guide development and explain
training to relevant stakeholders
O Lesson plan
o translates content and activities into a
guide to help deliver training
o includes the sequence of activities that
will be conducted
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 Example Curriculum Road Map

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 Example Lesson Plan

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 Request for Proposal
O A request for proposal (RFP) is a document
that outlines for potential vendors:
o type of service the company is seeking
o type of references needed
o number of employees to be trained
o funding for the project
o follow-up process to determine level of
satisfaction and service
o expected date of project completion

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 Near or Far Transfer?
O One key consideration is whether the focus
of training is on near or far transfer
O Near transfer refers to applying learned
capabilities exactly as taught in training
O Far transfer refers to applying learned
capabilities to a work environment that is
not identical to training

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 Promoting Near Transfer
O Use standardized procedures, processes,
and checklists
O Provide explanations for any differences
between training and work tasks
O Encourage trainees to focus only on
important differences between training
tasks and work tasks
O Explain why the procedure should be
performed exactly
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 Promoting Far Transfer
O Teach general concepts, broad principles,
and key behaviors

O Focus on general principles that apply to a

number of situations

O Provide a list of prompts and questions to

help trigger self-reflection and questions

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 Self-Management Training
O To prepare trainees for obstacles on the job,
provide instruction in self-management
o Discuss relapses
o Set transfer and performance goals
o Identify obstacles
o Generate strategies to overcome
obstacles
o Self administer rewards for successful
transfer

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 Manager Support
O Increasing levels of manager support, from
low to high, include:
o acceptance of training
o encouragement of training
o participating in training
o reinforcement
o allowing trainees to practice
o teachingserving as a trainer

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 Peer Support
O Transfer can be enhanced by a support
network among trainees

O Peers can share successful experiences,

discuss how they coped with challenges,
and provide encouragement and feedback

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 Opportunities to Use
O Opportunity to use learned capabilities is
central to successful transfer
O Opportunity is influenced by the work
environment and trainee motivation
O Opportunity can be measured by asking
former trainees:
o whether they perform a task
o how many times they perform the task
o the extent to which they perform difficult
and challenging tasks
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 Technological Support
O An electronic performance support system
(EPSS) is a ccomputer application that
provides skills training, information access,
and expert advice
O An EPSS can enhance transfer by acting as
an as-needed reference resource
O An EPSS can help measure and evaluate
transfer

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 Knowledge Management
O The process of enhancing company
performance by designing and
implementing tools, processes, systems,
structures, and cultures to improve the
creation, sharing, and use of knowledge

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 Knowledge Management
Strategies
O Use technology, e-mail, and social
networking sites to allow people to store
and share
O Publish directories of expertise
O Develop informational maps that identify
where specific knowledge is stored in the
company
O Create top management knowledge
management positions
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 Knowledge Management
Strategies
O Require employees to give presentations
O Allow employees to take time off to acquire
new knowledge
O Create an online library of learning
resources
O Design office space to facilitate interaction
O Create communities of practice

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 Keys to Knowledge
Management Success
O The training and IT departments must
collaborate

O Technology must be easy to use and not

cumbersome

O There must be employee trust and a

willingness to share

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