Cabang Filsafat

Filsafat
Ontologi administrasi
Ontos = ada; logos= ilmu

Penyelidikan yang sifatnya sangat mendasar dari sesuatu yang

nyata secara fundamental dan cara yang berbeda

Ontologi mengubah pola pikir praktisi (dan ilmuwan)

administrasi dari mitosentris menjadi logisentris
Pertanyaan

Apa itu administrasi?

Apa yang dipelajari dalam ilmu

administrasi?
Ontologi di Ilmu Sosial
Ilmu-ilmu sosial pada dasarnya berbicara tentang manusia
Sosiologi manusia dan lingkungan sosial
Ekonomi manusia dan sumber daya
Politik manusia dan kekuasaan

Ilmu administrasi sebagai bagian dari ilmu sosial juga berfokus

pada manusia, terutama dalam hubungannya dengan
organisasi

Dengan demikian, ontologi dalam ilmu administrasi juga

berfokus pada hakikat keberadaan manusia
 Parmenides
Father of Western philosophy
Reality is (static) a unity (whole) there can only be one
Truth
Our perception of change (dynamic) and difference (plural) is
merely an illusion called the way of appearance
The way of truth is to understand that reality is unchangeable,
timeless, indestructible whole
Existence is assumed to be eternal because nothing can come
from nothing
The source of being is transcendent, separate from the
physical (immanent) universe
 Heraclitus
Father of process philosophy
You can never step into the same river twice
Reality becomes (dynamic) and is therefore a multitude
(plural) across time, thus, there are many truths
The only universal principle is change, and all that exists is in a
constant state of becoming and dissolving, which produces a
particular harmony or balance at any given point in time
Yet, he notes that the substance of each state is the same (from
all things one and from one all things)
 Existence
Dapat dilihat dari empat kriteria:
State Static vs Dynamic
Static: being simply is (we can know its truth through various means)
Dynamic: existence is continually becoming, thus understanding it is difficult
beyond temporary snapshots of its expression
Expression Whole vs Plural
Whole: the source of existence is complete, it cannot be broken apart in
some ways
Plural: there are many sources of existence
Source Transcendent vs Immanent
Transcendent: the source of being is beyond that which exists
Immanent: the source of being is within that which exists
Condition Individualistic vs Relational
Individualistic: Being is contained within itself, whether it is considered an
abstract single whole or a plurality of actual singular units.
Relational: apparently separate beings are actually connected in some way
Ontological dichotomies matrix
 Undifferentiated Individual

One

one one one one

Human being (one) is an imperfect copy of a metaphysical

source that is whole and complete (One)
Because each individual is attempting to be like the source of
being, they are not differentiated and rather homogenous
Being a part of the whole gives one a sense of identity
Differentiated individual
One

One One One

One

The source of being is within each being and each individual

can be described as a universe of One
A complete disconnection or uniqueness sets individuals
apart, with a belief that they are completely on their own in
the state of nature bonds must be created through social
mechanisms
Undifferentiated relational
One

one

One

The source of being (One) is both beyond and within all beings
(one)
There is no actual differentiation among what only appear to
be the individual parts
A complete unity of both divine and mundane elements in the
universe
Differentiated relational
O/one

O/one O/one O/one

O/one

The source of being (One) is within all beings, and all beings
(one) are connected by virtue of this shared source, yet they
are differentiated and unique in their expression
Individual is multidimensional and exists within a social
context and is therefore both influenced by and influencing
the environment
Why is ontology important to
administrative science?
any political theory rests upon a metaphysic, a concept of the
ultimate nature of reality (Waldo 1984)
theories of public administration are tied to what we think of
as being human (Spicer 2004)
Because ontology frames presuppositions about the human
relationship to things such as self, world, and others, it shapes
how we go about living together, directly impacting public
policy
If the nature of reality is in conflict with how we perceive it,
then our socially constructed reality will be incongruent and
thus problematic. If our assumptions are based on faulty
assumptions, then the results will be similarly problematic.
The goal is to think through how ontology, political form, and
resulting practices can be aligned in a logical manner that
leads to desirable results
Ontology implications on politics
and religions
Ontology implications on politics
and religions
Implikasi ontologi terhadap Ilmu
Administrasi
Perbedaan ontologi berdampak pada perbedaan cara pandang
terhadap pengembangan keilmuan
Undifferentiated individual melahirkan positivisme
Differentiated individual melahirkan interpretivisme
Undifferentiated dan differentiated relational melahirkan mixed
methods dan dialectics

Memahami perbedaan ontologi juga membantu ilmuwan

administrasi menggunakan teori-teori di ilmu administrasi
secara kritis, tidak serampangan
Daftar Referensi
Makmur 2012, Filsafat Administrasi, Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

Stout, Margaret 2012, Competing ontologies: a primer for public

administration, Public Administration Review, vol. 72, no. 3, pp.
388-398.