The Pope

and the
Vatican

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 Pope Francis
Jorge Mario Bergoglio
Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1936

Papal Reign:
13th Mar 2013 (Age 76)

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 The Pope is the leader of
the Catholic Church.

There are about 1.1 billion

Catholics worldwide.

Pope Francis is the

266th Pope.

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 He chose his papal name in honour of Saint Francis of Assisi.

He is the first Pope from the Americas and the first from
the Southern Hemisphere

He is also the first non-European Pope

since Gregory III from Syria in 741AD,
1,272 years earlier.

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The Pope is known by many names;
Il Papa
Bishop of Rome
Holy Father
Supreme Pontiff (Pontifex Maximus)
Vicar of Christ
His Holiness
Successor of St. Peter
Prince of the Apostles
Sovereign of Vatican City

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 The name Pope comes from
the Greek word Pappas
meaning father.

The term Pontiff come from the

Latin words Pons and Facere
meaning Bridge Maker.

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When Pope Benedict XVI resigned in 2013,
he took the title Pope Emeritus.

Emeritus comes from the Latin, meaning

former holder of a position.
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Where do the Worlds Catholics live?

Projected
Catholic
Population
Percentage

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 The Pope lives in
Vatican City.
It is 0.44km2 and is
the smallest country
in the world.

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 Stato della
Citt del Vaticano
The Vatican has a
population of just over
800 people.

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 Vatican City gets its name from
Mons Vaticanus (Vatican Hill).
This satellite photo was taken during
the Easter Services in April 2011.

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The Flag of Vatican City
was adopted in 1929
when the Vatican was
established as an
Independent State.

The flag is one of only

two square flags in the
world; the other is
Switzerland.

The flag shows the coat

of arms of the Vatican.

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 The Coat of Arms of
Vatican City shows the
Papal Tiara and two keys.

At the Papal Coronation, the

tiara was placed upon the
newly elected Pope. The last
was the 1963 coronation
of Pope Paul VI, who soon
afterwards abandoned the
practice of wearing the tiara.

The two keys represent the

keys to Heaven given by
Jesus to St. Peter.

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The traditional home for the Pope is the
Apostolic Palace (Palazzo Apostolico)
that overlooks St. Peters Square.

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Pope Francis chose to live in
the Vatican Guesthouse
Domus Sanctae Marthae
which is Italian for
Saint Marthas House.

This is where he was staying

before he was elected.

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 Vatican City is enclosed by high walls
around most of its border.

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 An entrance to Vatican City, with inscription
Benedictus XVI Pont(ifex) Max(imus) Anno Domini MMV Pont(ificatus) I
which means
Benedict XVI, Pope, in the year of Our Lord 2005, the first year of his pontificate

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St. Peters Basilica is the
main church in Vatican City.
It is the largest church
in the world.
The Latin inscription reads;
IN HONOREM PRINCIPIS APOST
PAULUS V BURGHESIUS ROMANUS
PONT MAX AN MDCXII PONT VII
(In honour of the Prince of Apostles;
Paul V Borghese, Pope, in the year
1612, the 7th year of his pontificate)
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It is named after the first Pope, St. Peter.

His statue stands in front of the Basilica

holding the keys to the kingdom of Heaven.
 St. Peters Basilica (Basilica di San Pietro)
was designed by
Michelangelo & Gian Lorenzo Bernini
along with other renaissance artists.

Michelangelo Bernini
It was built between 1506-1626. (1475-1564) (1598-1680)

The Egyptian Obelisk (Obeliscus Vaticanus) in the centre of St. Peters Square
is over 4,400 years old, and was moved to the Vatican in 1586.

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This is a painting of St. Peters Basilica in 1630.

Notice the two bell towers which no longer exist.
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There has been a church on this

site since the 4th century.
 The Vatican Obelisk can
be seen on the left, still
standing on the spot
where it was erected on
the orders of the Emperor
Caligula in 37 A.D.

The Old St. Peters Basilica was completed c.360AD and stood
until the 16th century. It stood in the same location as todays
Basilica. The remains of it are still below the current Basilica.
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 The Colonnades were designed by Bernini to form an elliptical area
around Piazza San Pietro (St. Peters Square).

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 These colonnades represent open arms to welcome the people.

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There are over 140 statues atop these colonnades.

They were completed by many artists over a period
of 41 years from 1662-1703.
The colonnades are four columns thick.
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The dome is 136m tall

(from the floor of the basilica),
and is the tallest dome
in the world.
The dome is also called the Cupola. The word comes from Latin meaning little cup.

The Latin inscription reads; Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam mean et tibi dabo claves regni caelorum
(You are 'Rock' and on this rock I will build my Church, to you I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven.)
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You can view the inside of the Basilica from high up inside the dome.
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If youre brave enough to climb

the 320 winding steps, you can
get to the top of the Cupola.
 La Piet was carved by It shows Jesus in Marys
Michelangelo when he was arms after he was taken
just 24 years old. down from the cross.
It sits inside the Basilica.

In 1972, it was attacked by

a man with a hammer.
He cracked off Marys nose
and broke off her arm at
the elbow.

The sculpture was restored

and now its protected by
bullet-proof glass.

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 The Baldacchino
canopy designed by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
is made from
45,000kg of bronze.

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The canopy is approximately 20m tall

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The bronze was apparently taken from the roof of the Pantheon in Rome.

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Over 60,000 people can fit into the Basilica at any one time.

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 Below the altar is the
entrance to St. Peters Tomb
and the crypt of the Popes.
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St. Peter is supposedly buried beneath the location of the present Basilica.
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The tombs of approximately 100 popes lie in the crypt below St. Peters Basilica,
including Pope John XXIII whose remains are preserved in a glass coffin.
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 Traditionally, if the Pope was presumed dead, the Camerlengo would take a
special silver hammer and tap the Pope on the forehead three times and call out
his childhood name in his native language. If he didnt answer, the Pope was
deemed to be truly dead, and not just in a deep sleep.
The Camerlengo is a cardinal who becomes acting head of state when the
Vatican is in Sede Vacante (when there is no Pope).
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 Sede
Vacante

Sede Vacante means the seat is vacant and is the period between the death of a
Pope and the election of his successor.
The Coat of Arms of the Vatican also changes during Sede Vacante.
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When Pope Benedict XVI

announced his resignation in 2013,
he became the first Pope in
almost 600 years to resign. He was
85 years old at the time.
The last Pope to resign was
Pope Gregory XII (1415AD).
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When a Pope dies or resigns, all of the cardinals from around the world are called
to the Vatican to elect a new Pope. They are known as the College of Cardinals.
Although the new Pope is almost always one of the cardinals, any Catholic man can
be elected Pope. He doesnt have to be a cardinal or even an ordained priest.
 and how they are addressed
Pope - Your Holiness

Cardinals - Your Eminence / Your Grace

Archbishops - Your Excellency / Your Grace

Bishops - Your Lordship

Priests - Father / Your Reverence

Deacons - Reverend Deacon

The Laity
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Every cardinal from around the world who is under the age of 80 is eligible
to take part in electing the new Pope, however the number of cardinals is
limited to 120. At present, there are 118 cardinals eligible to vote.

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 This Papal election voting process takes place in the Sistine Chapel. It is called
Conclave meaning with key because, once the cardinals are inside the chapel
the Master of Papal Liturgical Ceremonies declares Extra Omnes (meaning
Everybody else, out!) and the cardinals are locked in until they make their
decision. A sweep for electronic devices is done before the doors are locked.
Traditionally, the chapel doors were then sealed shut with a ribbon and wax.
Papal Conclave normally takes a few days, but over the course of history, some
conclaves have taken over 2 years!

Conclave of the
Roman Pope Master of Papal Liturgical Ceremonies
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 The Sistine Chapel was built between 1473-1481,
and is named after Pope Sixtus IV, who was Pope at the time.
It has been the site of every Papal Election since 1878.

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In Italian, it is called La Cappella Sistina.

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The Sistine Chapel is most famous because of the beautiful frescoes painted on
the ceiling by Michelangelo between 1508-1512. Other frescoes on the walls
were painted by other Renaissance artists such as Sandro Boticelli.
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 The most famous part of
Michelangelos fresco is the
centrepiece, The Creation of Adam
(La Creazione di Adamo)

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The fresco behind the altar was also painted by Michelangelo between 1535-1541.
It is called The Last Judgement.

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The cardinals gather in the Sistine Chapel

and vote for who will be the next Pope.

Those considered possible candidates

are called the Papabili.
The cardinals are not allowed to have
any contact with the outside world
during the election process.

There must be a two-thirds majority to

elect the new Pope. Voting continues
until this majority is reached.

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 Where in the world do the
cardinals who will elect
the new Pope come from ?
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Crowds gather in St. Peters Square eagerly awaiting news from the conclave.

The Sistine Chapel

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 This furnace and chimney are only installed in the chapel during
Sede Vacante and are removed after the Pope has been elected.

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The votes of the College of Cardinals are
tallied and then burned.
Smoke rises from the chimney of the
Sistine Chapel.
Chemicals are added to create black
smoke, and this lets the world know that
no Pope has been elected.

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 When the votes reach a two-thirds majority,
the ballots are burned, emitting a white smoke.
This lets the world know that a new Pope has been elected.

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 The Papabili Could one of these cardinals be the next Pope?

1st Row: Claudio Hummes (Brazil - 78), Oscar Andres Rodrigues Maradiaga (Honduras - 70),
Jorge Mario Bergoglio (Argentina - 76), Norberto Rivera Carrera (Mexico - 70),
Joao Braz De Aviz (Brazil - 65), Luis Antonio Tagle (Philippines - 55), Peter Turkson (Nigeria - 64)

2nd Row: Christoph Schnborn (Austria - 68), Pter Erd (Hungary - 60), Angelo Scola (Italy - 71),
Marc Ouellet (Canada - 68), John Onaiyekan (Nigeria - 69), Timothy Dolan (USA - 63)
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Lengths of Recent Conclaves

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 A senior cardinal comes to the
main balcony of the Basilica and proclaims in Latin
Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; Habemus Papam!
which means
I announce to you a great joy; We have a Pope!.
Then the new Pope is introduced to the world,
including the name he has chosen as his Papal Name.

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 Modern Papal Reigns - 1800-2013
2005-2013

1978-2005

1978

1963-1978

1958-1963

1939-1958

1922-1939

1914-1922

1903-1914

1878-1903

1846-1878

1831-1846

1829-1830

1823-1829

1800-1823

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Papal names are often numbered in Roman Numerals.
The previous Pope was Pope Benedict XVI.

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The Papal States were territories
in the Italian Peninsula ruled
by the Pope, from the
8th century until 1870.

By 1861, much of the Papal States'

territory had been conquered by
the Kingdom of Italy. Only Lazio,
including Rome, remained under
the Pope's control.

In 1870, the Pope lost Lazio and

Rome and had no physical territory
at all, not even the Vatican.

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In 1929, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini signed the Lateran
Treaty granting the Vatican City State sovereignty.

Mussolini ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922-1943.

His nickname was Il Duce (the Duke/Leader).
He lead Italy into WWII, siding with
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 The Pope wears a ring called
The Ring of the Fisherman.
It is named after the first Pope, St. Peter,
who was a fisherman by trade.

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 When a Pope dies or resigns, the
ring is ceremonially broken up by
the Camerlengo.

The Camerlengo is a cardinal who

becomes acting head of state when
the Vatican is in Sede Vacante
(when there is no Pope).

When the new Pope is elected, a

new ring is created for him.

The ring above belonged to Pope

Benedict XVI, who was Pope from
2005-2013.
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The Ring of the Fisherman normally shows an image of
St. Peter as a fisherman.
In times gone by, the ring was used to
seal official letter envelopes with wax and
sign documents such as the one below by Pope Paul VI.

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The Swiss Guard have
been the protectors of the
Pope since 1506.

In 2006, the Swiss Guard

celebrated 500 years of
service to the Pope.

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The motto of the Swiss Guard is Acriter et Fideliter
which means Fiercely and Faithfully.
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Although it is often said that the uniform was designed by
Michelangelo, it is now believed that this is not the case.
The uniforms are however, designed in Renaissance style.

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Recruits to the guards must be Catholic men
who are from Switzerland, who are also single.

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 They must be
between 19-30 years
of age and at least
174 cm (5 ft, 8 in) tall.

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 The Gendarmeria of
Vatican City State
are responsible for
policing the Vatican.

The word "Gendarmerie"

comes from the French
expression gens d'armes,
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The Gendarmeria are separate to the Swiss Guard,

who are responsible for protecting the Pope.
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Although many languages are used in Vatican City,

the official documents that they issue are in Latin.

Latin was the language of the Roman Empire and

developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian,
Spanish, French, Portuguese and Romanian.
 Vatican ATM with
instructions in Latin

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 The Institute for the Works of Religion
is commonly known as the Vatican Bank.
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The Vatican has
its own postal
service and
issues its own
stamps.

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 The Vatican has its own
Heliport.

The Pope uses a helicopter of

the Italian Air Force.

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 Vatican City has a Football team,
but they are not members of FIFA.

The Vatican City squad consists entirely of

employees of the Vatican: police officers,
postal workers, government officials and
members of the Swiss Guard.

The team played its first match in 1985,

a 30 victory against a representative
of Austrian journalists.
Prince Albert II of Monaco greeting
the team in 2013

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 LOsservatore Romano which means The Roman Observer
is the Vaticans Daily Newspaper.
It is also published weekly in many other languages including English.
The publication prints two Latin mottoes under the masthead of each edition:
Unicuique suum (To each his own) and Non praevalebunt ([The gates of Hell] shall not prevail)

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The Vatican
has its own
postal
service and
issues its
own Stamps

Vatican City has its own Fire Brigade,

and employs 30 fire-fighters.
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 Vatican TV &
Radio
Stations

Radio Vaticana was set up in 1931

by Guglielmo Marconi,
who invented the radio used on the Titanic.

Radio Vaticana now broadcasts

programmes in over 40 languages.
In 2009, it cost over 20m
to run Radio Vaticana each year.

In 2014, Michael Gannon from Dublin,

became the first person with Down Syndrome
to work at any Vatican office, which he did as
an intern at Vatican Radio.
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Vatican TV was set up in 1983
by Pope John Paul II

Original logo of
Vatican TV
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Ferrovia Vaticana (Vatican Railway)
is the shortest national Railway system
in the world, consisting of two 300-
metre sets of railway tracks and one
railway station.

Gateway in the Vatican with sliding

door built in the wall surrounding the
Vatican, which allows the railway in to
the Vatican station.

Vatican Railway Station

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Dress Code to visit St. Peters Basilica

If you are visiting St. Peters

Basilica, you must adhere to a
strict dress code.

Shoulders and knees covered

by both men and women.

The guards insist that men

wear trousers.

Women can wear skirts or

long shorts as long as they
cover the knee.

This dress code is in place

regardless of how warm the
weather is.

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 2 Vatican Astronomy

Vatican 75th
1 Pope Benedict XVI The Vatican uses its Anniversary
1 Pope John Paul II
own Euro Currency
Swiss Guard 500th Anniversary

1 Pope Francis
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 2 Vatican
The Vatican also Sede Vacante
issues its own MMV
(2005)
special Euro Coins

100
Vatican Coin

50 Vatican Coin
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In the summer time, the Pope lives in the Palazzo Apostolico di Castel Gandolfo
(Apostolic Palace of Castel Gandolfo).
It was designed by Carlo Moderno
who also designed the facade of St. Peters Basilica.

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The large villa is about 15 miles south of Rome on the shores of Lake Albano.
It has its own astronomical observatory.

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 The Specola Vaticana (Vatican Observatory)
was originally established in 1935 by Pope Pius XI.

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 The Director of the Vatican Observatory,
Guy Consolmagno, with the Vatican
Meteorite Collection. The asteroid 4597
Consolmagno is named after him.

The Latin inscription reads;

Deum Creatorum Venite Adoremus
God the Creator, Come let us adore
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Castel SantAngelo (which means The Castle of the Holy Angel)
was originally built in 123AD by the Roman Emperor Hadrian
as a mausoleum (tomb) for himself and his family.
Since the 14th Century it has been used by the Popes
as a fortress and a Castle. It was also sometimes used as a prison.

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 The Passetto di Borgo is an elevated passage that links the
Vatican City with Castel SantAngelo. It was used in times gone by
as an escape route for several Popes to the safety of
Castel SantAngelo if the Vatican was under attack.

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 The Passetto is
approximately
800m long and is
still there today.

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This is the route of the Passetto from the
Apostolic Palace to Castel SantAngelo.

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Castel SantAngelo was once the tallest building in all of Rome.
Nowadays it is a museum.
This painting shows Castel SantAngelo on the banks of
the River Tiber (Tevere in Italian, or Tiberus in Latin)
with St. Peters Basilica in the background.

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The Popes clothes, like those of
all priests are called vestments.

The Popes traditional shoes

are red in colour to represent
the blood shed by all of the
martyrs to the Catholic Faith.

Pope Pius V (1566-1572)

changed the papal colour
from red to white, and it has
remained so since.

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The Papal Tiara is a crown that was worn
by the Pope from as early as the 8th
century to the mid-20th.

It has been three-tiered since

the14th century is also called
the Triregnum, which is
Latin for three crowns.

It was placed on the head of

the Pope during the Papal
Coronation. It was last used
by Pope Paul VI in 1963.

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 Although St. Peters Basilica in Vatican City is closer and more often used,
the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran in Rome is the official church of the Pope.
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It is known asArcibasilica Papale di San Giovanni in Laterano in Italian, and
was officially opened by Pope Sylvester I in 324. It is one of 13 buildings in Rome,
and Castel Gandolfo, that are considered Extraterritorial Property of Vatican City.
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 The Papal Throne was placed inside,
making it the Cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, who is also the Pope.

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 The Quirinal Palace (Palazzo del Quirinale) was built in 1583
by Pope Gregory XIII as a papal summer residence.
It is now one of the three current official residences of the President of Italy.

It has been the home of 30 Popes, 4 Kings of Italy

and 12 presidents of the Italian Republic.
It is 20 times larger than the White House in the USA.

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 Since his resignation in 2013,
Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI has lived
in the Monastery of Mater Ecclesiae
(Latin for Mother of the Church)
It has housed 30 Popes, 4 Kings of Italy in Vatican City.
and 12 presidents of the Italian Republic.
It is 20 times larger than the White House in the USA.

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In 1800, Pope Pius VII assumed leadership of the Catholic Church in an unprecedented
way he rolled there. For the first time in the history of the church, the pope-elect
came by carriage, not on horseback, to Vatican City. Since then, popes have employed
all sorts of four-wheeled vehicles to get from place to place. www.mrobroin.com
The Pope travels in a specially designed vehicle called the Pope Mobile.
Some Pope Mobiles have bulletproof glass like this one to protect the Pope.

The number plate SCV 1 is an acronym.

It comes from Latin Status Civitatis Vaticanae
meaning Vatican City State
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 Other Pope Mobiles are open-air
vehicles like this Seat Panda used in
Spain by Pope John Paul II in 1982
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Pope Mobile Factbox
400,000
Cost of Current
Pope Mobile

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 Previous Pope Mobiles

This Ford Truck was the Pope

Mobile used in Ireland in 1979 www.mrobroin.com
Pope Francis also drives himself around Rome in this1984 Renault 4L
which was gifted to him by a 70-year old Italian priest .

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The Pantheon was built as a temple to all the Roman gods by the Roman
Statesman Marcus Agrippa, and rebuilt by the Emperor Hadrian in 126AD.
The Latin inscription says; MAGRIPPALFCOSTERTIUMFECIT
M[arcus] Agrippa L[ucii] f[ilius] co[n] s[ul] tertium fecit which means
Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, made this building when consul for the third time

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The word Pantheon comes from the Greek word
Pan meaning all. In 609AD, Pope Boniface IV
converted it into a Catholic Church. The Pantheon is
the oldest standing building on Earth still in daily use.

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In this painting from 1835, you can see the two bell
towers which were added to the building in the 1600s, but
have since been removed. At the time very few people
liked them and they were known as the donkeys ears.
The interior of the Pantheon Church was designed to
fit a perfect sphere with a diameter of 43.3m.
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The ceiling of the Pantheon has a circular hole called an Oculus (eye) which lets
the sunlight in. As the light travels along the church walls, it forms a kind of Sun
Dial, and allows people to tell the time of the day by where the light falls.
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The Musei Vaticani (Vatican Museums) were founded by Pope Julius II in 1506.
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Between 4-5 million people each year visit these museums which are home to
some of the most important masterpieces of Renaissance art in the world.
Even the ceilings of the museum are highly decorated.
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 This double helix spiral staircase in the Vatican
Museum was designed by Guiseppe Momo in 1932.
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It is actually two separate staircases, one going up, and one coming down.

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The Vatican Gardens

(Giardini Vaticani) cover more
than half of the Vatican territory
in the South and Northeast.
 The Palace of the Governorate of Vatican City State.
(Palazzo del Governatorato in Vaticano)

The Seal of Pope Francis in a Floral Arrangement

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The Vatican Library (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana) is one of the oldest libraries
in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts.
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 The Vatican Library contains
over 75,000 codices (the plural
of codex).

A codex is a book made up of

a number of sheets of paper or
vellum, that is hand-written.

This is a Bible codex from 1859.

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The Vatican Secret Archives (Archivum Secretum Vaticanum) are
home to all of the lots of documents held in secret by the Vatican.
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The archives are estimated to have about 84km of shelving,
and contain documents from as early as the 8th Century.
They even contain letters from Michelangelo and texts
written by Galileo.
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Strange & Wonderful Facts about the Popes
The next elected pope will be the 267th Pope

The first Pope was St. Peter, one of Jesus Apostles.

He was Pope from 33AD to 67AD.

Pope Silverius (536-537AD) was the son of Pope

Hormisdas (514-523AD).

Pope John II (533-535AD) was the first Pope to not use

his personal name. This was because his name Mercurio
(Mercury) was a Roman god.

Pope-elect Stephen died 3 days after being chosen in

752AD, but without having been consecrated as Pope.

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Strange & Wonderful Facts about the Popes
Pope Adrian II (867-872) was the last pope to
have a wife. Having married before his election,
he refused to give up his wife Stephania and they
lived in the Lateran Palace with their daughter.

Pope Formosus (891-896AD) was exhumed after his

death, put on trial, and ceremonially executed.

Pope Benedict IX was Pope 3 times (1032-1044AD /

1045-1046AD / 1047-1048AD). He was first elected Pope
when he was somewhere between 11-20 years old. He was
the nephew of his two immediate predecessors, and he is
said to have sold the papacy in 1045 to Pope Sylvester III.

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Strange & Wonderful Facts about the Popes
Pope Adrian IV (1154-1159AD) was the first and
only English pope. He granted Ireland to King
Henry II England. His real name was Nicholas
Breakspear.

Pope Celestine IV (1241AD) was Pope for just 16 days.

Several Popes were nephews of previous Popes.

Pope Adrian VI (1522-1523AD) was the last non-Italian

Pope before Pope John Paul II (1978).

Pope Marcellus II (1555AD) was the last Pope to use his

birth name, Marcello Cervini, as his papal name.

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Strange & Wonderful Facts about the Popes
Pope Urban VII (1590AD) was the shortest
reigning Pope. He died of malaria 13 days after
being elected pope.

Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) was the longest serving Pope.

He served for almost 32 years.

Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903) was the oldest serving Pope.

He died when he was 93 years old.

Pope Pius X (1903-1914) changed the age for First Holy

Communion from 13 to 7 years old.

Pope John Paul I (1978) was the first Pope to have two
names, and died after 33 days as Pope.
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Strange & Wonderful Facts about the Popes
Pope John Paul II (1978-2005) was the second
longest serving Pope 26 years, and was the first
non-Italian Pope in 455 years.

Pope John XII (955 - 963) was the only teenager to be

elected pope.

Due to a clerical error, there was no Pope John XX. Pope

John XIX reigned from 1024-1032, and the next John was
Pope John XXI (1276-1277).

There has never been a Pope Patrick ... Yet !!

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