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Toxic Release
and
Dispersion Models
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Chapter Information
Introduction
Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models
Chapter Outline
Pasquill-Gifford Model
Toxic Effect Criteria
Release Mitigation
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Factors Influencing Dispersion
Parameters affecting atmospheric dispersion:
Wind speed
As the wind speed increases, the plume becomes longer and
narrower
Atmospheric stability
During the day the air temperature decreases rapidly with the
height, encouraging vertical motions . Oppositely, at night the air
temperature decrease is less
Classified to three stability classes: unstable, neutral, stable
Unstable the sun heats the ground faster than the heat can
be removed so that the air temperature near the ground is
higher than the temperature at higher elevation
Neutral the air above the ground warms and the wind
speed increases
Stable the sun cannot heat the ground as fast as the ground
cools; the air of higher density is below air of lower density
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Factors Influencing Dispersion
Parameters affecting atmospheric dispersion:
Ground conditions (buildings, water, trees)
Affect the mechanical mixing at the surface and the wind
profile with height
Trees and buildings increase mixing while lakes and open areas
decrease mixing
Height of release above ground level
As the release height increases, the ground level concentrations
are reduced since the plume must disperse a greater distance
vertically
Momentum and buoyancy of initial material released
Change the effective height of the release.
The momentum of a high-velocity jet will carry the gas higher
than the point of release, resulting much higher effective
release height.
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Effect of Ground Conditions
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Effect of Release Height
C 2 ut 2n
21
x
2
Similar expressions given for y and z
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Table 5-1 Atmospheric Stability Classes for Use with the Pasquill-
Gifford Dispersion Model (Crowl & Louvar, pg 197)
23 AB B C E E
35 B BC C D E
56 C CD D D D
>6 C D C D D
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
The y and z for a puff release are given in Table 5-3 (Crowl &
Louvar, pg 199).
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
release point.
The predicted concentrations are time average.
It is possible for instantaneous local concentrations to
exceed the average values predicted and may vary as
much as a factor of 2 compared to Gaussian models
The models presented here assumed 10-minute time
average
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Case 11: Puff with instantaneous point source at ground level,
coordinates fixed at release point, constant wind only in x direction
with constant velocity u
Identical to case 7
*
1 x ut
2
y 2 z 2
C x, y , z , t
Q
m
exp 2 2
2 x y z 2 x y z
3/ 2
Ground level concentration is given at z = 0
*
1 x ut
2
y 2
C x, y,0, t
Q m
exp 2
2 x y z
2 x y
3/ 2
Ground level concentration along the x-axis, y = z = 0
* 1 x ut
2
C x,0,0, t
Q m
exp
2 x y z 2 x
3/ 2
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Case 11
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Case 12: Plume with continuous steady-state source at ground
level and wind moving in x direction at constant velocity u
Identical to case 9
1 y2 2
C x, y , z
Qm z
exp 2 2
x y u 2 y z
Ground-level concentration, z = 0
y
2
C x, y,0
Qm 1
exp
x y u 2 y
Concentration along the centerline of the plume directly
downwind , y = z = 0
C x,0,0
Qm
x y u
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Case 13: Plume with Continuous steady-state source at height
Hr above ground level and wind moving in x direction at
constant velocity u
Identical to case 10
1 y
2
C x, y , z
Qm
exp
2 y z u
2 y
1zH
2
1zH
2
exp r
exp r
2 z 2 z
C x, y,0
Qm
exp
y z u 2 y 2 z
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Case 14: Puff with instantaneous point source at height Hr
above ground level and a coordinate system on the ground that
moves with the puff
2Qm z
C
max
e u H r2
y
The distance downwind at which the max ground level
occurs
Hr
z
2
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Case 14
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Case 15: Puff with instantaneous point source at height Hr
above ground level and a coordinate system fixed on the ground
at the release point
The center of the puff is found at x = u t.
* 1 y
2
C x, y , z , t
Q m
exp
2 3 / 2 x y z 2 y
1zH
2
1 zH
2
1 x ut 2
exp r
exp r
exp
2 z 2 z 2 x
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Pasquill-Gifford Models
Case 15
Qm* 1H
2
1 x ut 2
C x,0,0, t exp r exp
2 3 / 2 x y z 2 z 2 x
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Example
Determine
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Solution
1 60 m 2
C 500 m,0,0
80 gm s
exp
3.1436 m 18.5 m6 m s 2 18.5 m
3.31 10 5 gm m 3
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Solution
1 y 2
C 500 m,50 m,0 C 500 m,0,0 exp
2 y
2
5
3.3110 gm m exp
3
1 50 m
2 36 m
1.26 10 5 gm m3
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Solution
280 gm s 42.4 m
2
2.72 3.14 6 m s60 m 100 m
3.68 10 4 gm m3
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Example
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Solution
x 500 m
t 250 s 4.2 min
u 2ms
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Solution
Qm*
C ut ,0,0, t
2 3 2 x y z
The stability conditions are selected to maximize <C> in the above
equation. This requires dispersion coefficients of minimum value.
From Figures 12 and 13, this occurs under stable condition. From
Table 2, this will occur at night with a 2 - 3 m/s wind.
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Solution
1.0 kg 3
3
C 2.14 10 kg m
2 3.14 5.2 m 2.2 m
32 2
2140 mg m3
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Solution
y2 z 8.76 10 4 m 3
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Solution
Guessed
distance (km) y z y z
1 10 3.2 3.2 10
10 80 12.0 8.07 104
11 88 13.0 1.01 105
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Solution
C x,0,0, t
Qm
exp
2 x y z 2 x
32
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Solution
where x has units of meters. Rearranging and combining leads to a
quadratic equation,
x 2 10000 x 2.49938 10 7 0
x 5000 82 m
The cloud is 164 meters wide at this point, based on the TLV
concentration. At 2 m/s, it will take approximately,
164 m
82 s
2ms
to pass.
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Toxic Effect Criteria
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Toxic Effect Criteria
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Toxic Effect Criteria
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Realistic and Worst-Case Releases
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Realistic and Worst-Case Releases
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Realistic and Worst-Case Releases
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Release Mitigation
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Release Mitigation
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Release Mitigation
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Release Mitigation
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Release Mitigation
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Release Mitigation
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