PowerPoint to accompany

Medical Assisting Chapter 32

Second Edition

Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
The Endocrine System
Objectives
32-1 Describe the general functions of the endocrine system.
32-2 Compare the endocrine and exocrine glands.
32-3 Define hormone.
32-4 Describe the locations of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands,adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, and
gonads.
32-5 List the hormones released by the pituitary gland and give
the functions of each.
32-6 List the hormones released by the thyroid gland and
parathyroid glands, and give the functions of each.
2
The Endocrine System
Objectives (cont.)
32-7 List the hormones released by the adrenal glands and give
the functions of each.
32-8 List the hormones released by the pancreas and give the
functions of each.
32-9 List the hormones released by the thymus and gonads,
and give the function of each.
32-10 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of
various endocrine disorders.

3
The Endocrine System
The endocrine system includes the organs of
the body that secrete hormones directly into
body fluids such as blood.

bloodstream
secrete into
glands to

hormones

4
target tissues
Hormones
Hormones are chemicals secreted by a cell that
affects the functions of other cells.
Many hormones are derived from steroids that can
easily cross the cell membrane .
Examples of steroid hormones:
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
hormones
Cortisol
5
Hormones (cont.)
Nonsteroid Hormones Prostaglandins
Made of amino acids or Local hormones
proteins Derived from lipid
Cannot cross the cell molecules
membrane with ease Typically do not travel
Binds to receptors on into the blood stream
the surface of the cells Target tissues are located
G-protein is usually close by
activated by the Produced by organs such
hormone-receptor as the:
complex.
Kidneys Uterus
Heart Brain
Stomach
6
Pituitary Gland
This gland is located at the base of the brain and is
controlled by the hypothalamus.
A bony structure called the sella turcica protects the
pituitary gland.
The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary
gland.
The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes:
Anterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe

7
Pituitary Gland
Stimulates milk
Growth Hormone Prolactin production
Stimulates increase
in size of muscles Thyroid-
and bones. Anterior stimulating
Luteinizing Lobe Stimulates the thyroid
gland to release its
Stimulates ovulation in females and estrogen
hormones.
production. Stimulates production of
testosterone in males
Follicle-stimulating
Adrenocorticotrophic In females stimulates estrogen
production and maturation of the
Stimulates the adrenal
ova. In males, it stimulates sperm
cortex to release its 8
production.
hormones
Pituitary Gland (cont.)
Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin
Stimulates the In females causes
kidneys to contraction of
conserve water the uterus and
Posterior ejection of breast
Lobe milk.

9
Apply Your Knowledge
The medical assistant in a local medical office is about to
administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks Once you
inject that steriod in my arm, why wont it affect my arm and
other body parts? Which of the following would best answer
this patients question?

a. Hormones do not affect any cells.

b. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern.
c. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with.

10
Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
The medical assistant in a local medical office is about to
administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks Once
you inject that steriod in my arm, why wont it affect my arm
and other body parts? Which of the following would best
answer this patients question?

a. Hormones do not affect any cells.

b. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern.
c. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with.

11
Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands

Thyroid Gland
Located below the larynx
Is covered by a capsule
Is divided into follicles that store some of the hormones
Major Hormones

T3 T4
Stimulate protein synthesis and Lowers blood calcium levels by
increase cellular energy production activating osteoblasts 12
Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid
Glands (cont.)

Most people have four parathyroid glands

These glands are located on the posterior surface of the

thyroid gland.

They secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid hormone acts to raise the blood calcium

levels by activating osteoclasts.
13
Adrenal Glands
Located on top of each kidney
Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal
cortex
Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex

central portion outermost portion

secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine
secretions prepare the body
for the stress response
aldosterone and cortisol
are the main two hormones
secreted
14
Pancreas
Located behind the stomach
Considered as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Contains structures known as islets of Langerhans
which secretes insulin and glucagon

Blood glucose Blood glucose

concentrations concentrations

Protein synthesis Protein synthesis

15
Apply Your Knowledge
A surgical patient is considered to have experienced
physical external stress. All of the following are
symptoms associated with stress except:

a. Increased blood pressure

b. Decreased blood glucose
c. Increased heart rate

16
Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
A surgical patient is considered to have experienced
physical external stress. All of the following are
symptoms associated with stress except:

a. Increased blood pressure

b. Decreased blood glucose
c. Increased heart rate

17
Other Hormone Producing Organs
The Pineal Body
Located between the cerebral Located between the lungs
hemispheres
Secretes melatonin
The Gonads
Ovaries and testes
Ovaries release estrogen
and progesterone
Testes produce testosterone
The Thymus Gland
Secretes thymosin
Other Sites
Stomach produces gastrin
Small intestines release secretin
and cholecystokinin
Heart secretes atrial natriuretic
peptide
Kidneys secrete erythropoietin
18
The Stress Response
A stressor is any stimulus that produces stress.

Physical Factors Psychological Factors Positive Factors

The bodys response consist of a group of reactions called the

general stress syndrome which is caused by the release of
hormones.

Heart rate Breathing rate

Blood pressure Glucose levels 19
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System
Causes
Increased productions of the growth hormone or a tumor.
Signs and Symptoms
Enlargement of skull, and hands and feet bones
Thickening of the skin
Headache, fatigue, pain, weight gain, heart disease
Treatment
Medications to decrease growth hormone production
Radiation therapy
Surgery
20
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)

Causes
Specific causes unknown but may be due to cancer, or an
autoimmune dysfunction
Signs and Symptoms
Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, weight loss, muscle pain,
vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration
Treatment
Corticosteriods
Medications or hormones to balance sodium and
potassium levels
21
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes
Excessive production of ACTH (adrenal gland tumor)
Long-term use of steriods
Signs and Symptoms
Round or full face, hump of fat between the shoulders,
fatigue, thin arms and legs with large abdomen, high
blood pressure, high blood glucose levels
Treatment
Lifestyle changes
Radiation and surgery for tumor removal
22
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes
Decreased or absent production of insulin by the pancreas
Obesity, high blood pressure, pregnancy, high cholesterol levels
Signs and Symptoms
High blood glucose levels, excessive thirst, frequent urination,
increased appetite, blurred vision, slow wound healing, weight loss,
foot problems, impotence in men
Treatment
Insulin (injection and oral tablets)
Lifestyle changes
Complications
Kidney disease, blindness, atherosclerosis, amputations 23
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes
Underproduction of the growth hormone
Trauma to pituitary gland or pituitary tumor
Signs and Symptoms
Short height, abnormal facial features, cleft lip or
palate, delayed puberty, headache, frequent
urination, thirst
Treatment
Administer supplemental growth hormone 24
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes
Overproduction of the growth hormone or a pituitary
tumor
Signs and Symptoms
Very tall height, delayed sexual maturity, thick facial
bones, thick skin, weakness, vision problems
Treatment
Medications to decrease growth hormone levels
Radiation therapy or surgery for tumor
25
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes
Over production of thyroid hormones
Also considered an autoimmune disorder
Signs and Symptoms
Exophthalmos, goiter, insomnia, weight loss, muscle
weakness, increased appetite, vision problems, increased
heart rate
Treatment
Medications
Radiation and surgery to the thyroid gland
26
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes
Removal of the thyroid gland, neck radiation treatments
and obesity
Signs and Symptoms
Weakness, fatigue, weight gain, depression, dry skin,
general body aches, pale or yellow skin, slow heart rate,
enlarged heart, coma
Treatment
Supplemental thyroid hormones
Close monitoring of thyroid hormone levels
27
Apply Your Knowledge
A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue
and body aches. You notice that the patients arms are thin
and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to
you This looks like a case of hypercortisolism. You realize
this refers to which of the following diseases?

a. Cushings disease
b. Addisons disease
c. Diabetes mellitus

28
Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue
and body aches. You notice that the patients arms are thin
and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to
you This looks like a case of hypercortisolism. You realize
this refers to which of the following diseases?

a. Cushings disease
b. Addisons disease
c. Diabetes mellitus

29
END OF CHAPTER

30