WELCOME

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Out line of Discussion:
Properties of Concrete.
Tests on Cement.
Tests on Aggregates fine and coarse.(M Sand)
Tests on Water.

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Out line of Discussion:
Properties of Concrete.
Tests on Cement.
Tests on Aggregates fine and coarse.(M Sand)
Tests on Water.

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 Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse
and fine aggregates bonded together with a
fluid cement that hardens over time

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Process of Manufacture of Concrete

It is interesting to note that the ingredients of good

concrete and bad concrete are the same.

If meticulous care is not exercised, and good

practices are not observed, the resultant concrete
is going to be of bad quality.

With the same material if intense care is taken to

exercise control at every stage, it will result in good
concrete.

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The various stages of Preparation of concrete

Batching
Mixing
Transporting
Placing
Compacting
Finishing.
Curing

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 Batching Of Concrete
Volume Batching
Volume batching is not a good method of proportioning the
material because of the difficulty in measuring granular
material in terms of volume.

Volume of moist sand in a loose condition weighs much less

than the same volume of dry compacted sand.

Weigh Batching
Weigh batching is the correct method of measuring the
materials.

Use of weight system in batching, facilitates accuracy,

flexibility and simplicity.
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 Batching : Weigh Batching

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 Batching : Weigh Batching

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 Batching : Weigh Batching

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Mixing
Thorough mixing of the materials is essential for
the production of uniform concrete.

The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes

homogeneous, uniform in colour and consistency.

There are two methods adopted for mixing

concrete:
(i ) Hand mixing
(ii )Machine mixing

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Machine Mixing

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Machine Mixing

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Machine Mixing

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Machine Mixing

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Properties of Concrete
Fresh Concrete Properties
Workability/ Consistency
Cohesiveness
Hardened Concrete Properties
Strength
Compressive Strength
Flexural Strength
Bond Strength
Stress-Strain Relationship
Durability
Permeability
Drying Shrinkage
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 Tests on Fresh Concrete:
Slump Cone Test for Workability
Cohesion of concrete

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 Slump Cone Test - Workability

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 Video

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Cohesion of Concrete v
Cohesiveness of concrete is the tendency of
concrete not to bleed or segregate.
Fresh concrete should remain homogenous and
uniform.
No segregation of cement paste from aggregates
(especially coarse ones)

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 Tests on Hardened Concrete:
Strength Tests
Compressive Strength
Tensile Strength
Flexural Strength
Durability Test
Concrete Permeability Test
Non Destructive Tests:
Rebound Hammer
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method

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Compressive Strength of Concrete

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 Casting of Cubes

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 Compressive Strength of Concrete

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What is Water-Cement Ratio?
Water cement ratio is the ratio of weight of water to the
weight of cement.
Water cement ratio of 0.45 to 0.6 is generally used in
nominal mix concrete such as M10, M15 and M20.
A concrete can be mixed with water-cement ratio as low
as 0.35.
Lower W/C Ratio may not have the desired workability
for proper placement and compaction of concrete.
For a designed mix, water cement ratio is considered,
based on the strength and workability requirements for
concrete construction.

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Out line of Discussion:
Properties of Concrete.
Tests on Cement.
Tests on Aggregates fine and coarse.
Tests on Water.

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 CEMENT

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TESTING OF CEMENT
Testing of cement can be brought
under two categories:

1. Field testing
2. Laboratory testing

It is sufficient to subject the cement

to field tests when it is used for minor
works

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Field Tests on Cement
There should not be any visible lumps.
The colour of the cement should normally
be greenish grey.
Take a pinch of cement and feel-between
the fingers. It should give a smooth and
not a gritty feeling.
It must give you a cool feeling.

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Field Tests on Cement v
Take a handful of cement and throw it on a bucket full
of water, the particles should float for some time before
they sink.
Take about 100 grams of cement and a small quantity
of water and make a stiff paste. From the stiff paste,
pat a cake with sharp edges. Put it on a glass plate
and slowly take it under water in a bucket. See that
the shape of the cake is not disturbed while taking it
down to the bottom of the bucket. After 24 hours the
cake should retain its original shape and at the same
time it should also set and attain some strength

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 Laboratory Tests for Cement

Physical Properties
Setting Time
Soundness
Fineness
Strength
Chemical Properties
Heat of hydration test
Chemical composition test
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Vicat Apparatus

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 Initial Setting Time: With 1 mm diameter needle the
time when the needle penetrates only 33 - 35 mm into
the cement paste.
Final setting time: The time when the needle(with
annular ring) no longer sinks visibly into the paste.
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Test For Soundness
The cylinder (which is open on both ends) is placed on a
glass plate filled with cement paste of normal
consistency, and covered with another glass plate.
The whole assembly is then immersed in water at 20
1oC for 24 hours.
At the end of that period the distance between the
indicator points is measured. The mold is then
immersed in water again and brought to a boil. After
boiling for one hour the mold is removed from the water,
after cooling, the distance between the indicator points
is measured again.
This increase represents the expansion of the cement
paste for Portland cements, expansion is limited to
10mm.
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Importance of Fineness of Cement
Affects hydration rate and thus the rate of
strength gain.
The smaller the particle size, the greater the
surface area to volume ratio.
More surface area available for water cement
interaction per unit volume.
For coarser particle, hydration may be
incomplete and causes low strength and low
durability.
For a rapid development of strength a high
fineness is necessary.
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 Compressive Strength of Cement
The cement paste (consisting of 1 part cement + 3 parts
standard sand + water, by weight) is placed in 7cm moulds.
And the specimens are water cured for various ages for
testing.
The mortar specimens taken out of the moulds are subjected
to compression to determine the strength.
The compressive strength test is conducted on mortar cubes.
After finding the breaking load in compression, Compressive
Strength is calculated by the relation
SC = Pmax /A, where A=50cm2 .
The average of the results found by testing six specimen is
the compressive strength of the mortar cubes.

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Out line of Discussion:
Properties of Concrete.
Tests on Cement.
Tests on Aggregates fine and coarse.
Tests on Water.

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 Aggregates

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Types of Aggregates

Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate

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 Fine Aggregates

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 FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE

According to size the fine aggregate may be described as

coarse sand, medium sand and fine sand.

Type of Sand Fineness Modulus Range

Fine Sand 2.2 - 2.6

Medium Sand 2.6 2.9

Coarse Sand 2.9 3.2

IS Requirement
*Fineness modulus should not be less than 2.2 and not more than 3.2
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 Fine Modulus of Fine Aggregate

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 Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregates
Sl. Sieve No. Mass of Fine Percentage Percentage Cumulative
No. Aggregate Retained Passing Percentage
Retained (g) Retained

1 4.75 mm 226.10 11.31 88.7 11.31

2 2.36 mm 190.70 9.54 79.16 20.85

3 1.18 mm 255.60 12.78 66.38 33.63

4 600 micron 231.40 11.57 54.81 45.2

5 300 micron 600.70 30.04 24.78 75.24

6 150 micron 435.90 21.8 2.98 97.04

7 75 micron 56.50 2.83 0.00

8 Pan 3.10 0.16 283.27

Fineness Modulus = 283.27 / 100= 2.83

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 Grading of Aggregates: Its Importance
The grading of an aggregate represents the particle
size distribution.
Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of
how coarse or fine the aggregate is.
The grading of the aggregate affects the workability.
Grading affect properties of hardened concrete.
Usually very coarse sand or very fine sand is
unsatisfactory for concrete
More fineness modulus value indicates that the
aggregate is coarser and small value of fineness
modulus indicates that the aggregate is finer.

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 Fine Modulus of Fine Aggregates

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 Fineness modulus limits for various zones of sand
according to IS 383-1970 are tabulated below.
Sieve size Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
10mm 100 100 100 100

4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100

2.36mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100

1.18mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100

0.6mm 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100

0.3mm 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50

0.15mm 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15

Fineness
4.0-2.71 3.37-2.1 2.78-1.71 2.25-1.35
modulus
Fineness modulus limits for various zones of sand
according to IS 383-1970 are tabulated below.
Bulkage of sand
Bulking can be defined as in increase in the bulk volume of the
quantity of sand (i.e. fine aggregate) in a moist condition over the
volume of the same quantity of dry or completely saturated sand.

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Bulkage of sand
Moisture content (%) Bulking percentage
(by volume)

2 15

3 20

4 25

5 30

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 Manufactured Sand *

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 Manufactured Sand

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 Manufactured Sand

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 Manufactured Sand

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 River Sand Vs M Sand

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 River Sand Vs M Sand

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 River Sand Vs M Sand (Cement Mortar 1:4)

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River Sand Vs M Sand When Used as Mortars

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Manufactured Sand - Recommendations

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River Sand Vs M Sand - When Used as Concrete

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 Stress Strain Curve

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Manufactured Sand - Recommendations

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 Coarse Aggregates

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 BIS Requirements for Coarse Aggregates

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 weight of the sample for Testing
Maximum size present Minimum weight Min. weight of sample
in substantial dispatched for testing t to be taken for sieving
Proportions in mm of sample in Kg in Kg

63 100 50
50 100 35
40 50 15
25 50 5
20 25 2
16 25 2
12.5 12 1
10 6 0.5
6.3 3 0.2
4.75 - 0.2
2.36 - 0.1
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Out line of Discussion:
Properties of Concrete.
Tests on Cement.
Tests on Aggregates fine and coarse.
Tests on Water.

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Tests on Water
1. Chloride content,
2 . Sulphate content,
3 . Ph Value,
4. Suspended solids,
5 . Total dissolved solids.

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 Allowable limits - Water

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 DISCUSSION FEED BACK

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