Basic Construction Technology

Sub code: PEM C C01

by
Prof . PRAHLAD R
 Contents

Surveying
Building Construction
Strength of Materials
Concrete Technology
Soil Mechanics
Transportation Engineering
Design of structures
 Split of Marks

Final Exam: 70
Assignment: 15
Test : 15
 Surveying

Definition
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
(ACSM):
Surveying is the science and art of determining the
relative position of points on, above or beneath the
surface of the earth.
Dr. Adam Chrzanowski
Surveying is the field of applied science and
engineering that deals with the spatial information
about positions of points on, above or below the
earth surface.
 Why to study surveying ?

Required to prepare maps

Surveys are required prior to and during the
planning and construction of buildings , dams,
highways, railways, bridges, canals, tunnels, water
supply and sewerage systems etc.
Required for quantity and cost estimation
Helps in decision making
 Classification of Survey

Based on Accuracy desired

Plane Survey: in which the surface of the earth is
assumed to be plane
Geodetic Survey: Shape of the earth surface
(curvature) is taken in to account and higher degree of
precision is exercised in linear and angular
measurements.

Based on Instruments used

Chain surveying
Compass Surveying
Plane table Surveying
 Contd

Leveling
Theodolite Surveying
Tacheometric Surveying

Based on place of survey

Land Survey
Hydrographic Survey
Underground Survey
Aerial survey
 Chain Surveying

It is the branch of surveying in which the distances

are measured with a chain and tape.
Usually recommended for measuring small areas

Instruments used in Chain Surveying

1) Chains : Gunter chain, Revenue chain, Engineers
chain and Metric chain

Metric Chain
 Contd
2) Tape 3) Ranging Rods 4) Arrows 4) Cross staff

Tape
Arrows

5) Pegs Ranging Rod

6) Plumb - bob

Plumb-bob
Peg
 Compass Surveying

It is used for taking angular measurements (only

Horizontal)
Meridian: It is the fixed direction in which the
bearings of survey lines are expressed
Bearing: it is the angle between the reference
meridian and the survey line measured in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction
True Meridian: The imaginary line joining the North
and South pole of the Earth is called True Meridian
Magnetic Meridian: The direction shown by the
freely oscillating needle is called Magnetic Meridian
 Contd

Arbitrary Meridian: Any line we draw and mark

North and South is called Arbitrary Meridian
True Bearing: It is the bearing or angle measured
from the True Meridian
Magnetic Bearing: It is the bearing or angle
measured from the Magnetic Meridian
Arbitrary Bearing: It is the bearing or angle
measured from the Arbitrary Meridian
 Contd

Whole Circle Bearing: This is denoted by W.C.B. It is

the angle measured from North in clockwise direction
from the meridian. The minimum and maximum values
are 0 and 360.
Reduced Bearing: This is denoted by R.B. It is the
angle measured either from North or from South
whichever is nearer to the line under consideration either
in clockwise or anticlockwise direction from the meridian.
The minimum and maximum values are 0 and 90
Fore Bearing: It is the bearing measured from the far end
of a line.
Back Bearing: It is the bearing measured from the rear
end of a line. The difference between the Fore Bearing
and the Back Bearing is always 180
Prismatic Compass Surveyor Compass
 The work of the surveyor

1. Decision Making selecting method and

equipment
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection making
measurements and recording data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing preparing
calculations based upon the recorded data to
determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation plotting data
to produce a map or chart in the proper form.