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Lessons and Challenges Ahead
By
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^odayƞs lecture
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-Panoramic view: Political and Security cooperation in Asean
since its inception in1967
-Asean engages great powers: Asean Regional Forum, new
regional architecture, expanded East Asia Summit (outcome
of Hanoi meeting, July 19-23, 2010)

  
- Asean Security Community (ASC) and other regional security
organizations
-Key issues: ^errorism, drugs and human trafficking, nuclear
proliferation (North Korea, Burma), South China Sea,
Maritime Security
 
 


 


  





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Four Asean instruments on
political and security cooperation
A ^he Bangkok Declaration: first Asean document,
political commitment (respect for justice, rule of law)
to ensure stability and security, free from outside
interferences (but need in a clear term!)
A ^he Bali Declaration of Asean Concord: formalized
political cooperation, envisioned a balance in political,
economic and functional cooperation (1967-76)
A Declaration on the Zone of Peace, Freedom and
Neutrality (ZOPFAN): imbalance prevailed, political
cooperation slower pace (1976-1997)
A ^he ^reaty of Amity and Cooperation (^AC) in
Southeast Asia (1976): fail as a conflict resolution
mechanism but useful as diplomatic tools
Asean Declaration 1967
A ƠCountries of Southeast Asia share
primary responsibility for strengthening
economic and social stability of the
region and for ensuring their peaceful
and progressive national developmentơ.
ƠOur security depends on our ability to provide
all the goods of life for our people and to
build societies which are just and fair to
all.ơƜMalaysian PM Hussein Onn
ASEAN CONCORD (1976)
A Expanding political cooperation
A Adopting principles for regional stability and a
program of action for political cooperation.
A Holding ASEAN summits, settling intraregional
disputes Ơby peaceful means as soon as
possibleơ
A Improving the ASEAN machinery to
strengthen political cooperation
A Strengthening solidarity by promoting the
harmonization of views (still difficult today!)
A Coordinating positions and common action
Zone of peace, freedom and
neutrality (ZOPFAN)
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ASEAN Concord II (2003)
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1976 ^reaty of Amity & Cooperation
A Mutual respect for the independence,
sovereignty, territorial integrity and national
identity of all nations;
A Right of every state to lead its national
existence free from external interference,
subversion or coercion;
A Noninterference in the internal affairs of one
another;
A Settlement of disputes by peaceful means;
A Renunciation of the threat or use of forces
pdate on ^AC signatories
A China, India signed in 2003, Japan in Nov. 2004
A South Korea, Mongolia, E ^imor, Australia in 2005
A France acceded Jan 2007, North Korea in July 2008
A S July 2009
A Canadaƞs and ^urkeyƞs ascension to ^AC in 23 July
2010 in Hanoi
A E still has to wait being the first international
organization to accede to ^AC (Protocol 3 not yet
completely rafified)
A 28 signatories in all
A Future of ^AC with further amendments?
Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapon
Free Zone (SEANWFZ)
A Signed in Dec 1995 in Bangkok, SEANWFZ
aims: nuclear disarmament, promote
international peace and security, prevent
environmental pollution, hazards posed by
radio-active waste/other toxic materials.
A SEANWFZ treaty came into force in 1997.
China first to express to accede but Asean is
reluctant
A Asean wants all big 5 to sign SEANWFZ at
once (sticky issue is access of aircraft carriers
with nuclear weapons on board)
Post 1976:security
cooperation
A ^he Cambodian conflict was the only Asean
political agenda
A Highlighted political differences within Asean
(Kuantan principles, called for compromise
with VN on Cambodia)
A Reinforcing principle of non-interference
A Asean vs Indochina over new regional order
A Fear of VN as Asianƞs second largest armed
forces (need to bring in VN into Asean at
once)
Dialogue system (plus oneƦ)
A At summit in 1977, Asean expanded ties with
Western countries that had money, technological
know-how, economic/ political clouts
A E was first in 1977 followed by Japan as dialogue
partners (Japan-Asean celebrates 25th anniversary in
2003)
A An instrument for North-South and South-South talks
and cooperation
A Political, security and economic issues dominated
talks with dialogue partners (Cambodian conflicts
from 1975-90, followed by Burma, terrorism and
from now could be South China Sea)
Norm-setting in Asean
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Aseanƞs intervention in Cambodia
-sing its mechanism for conflict resolution,
peace making/peace-buildingƜthe Asean
Way
-Resolving their conflicts through common
endeavorsƜ^hailand, Singapore
-Facing the reality of weak interstate
relationship within the grouping
-Impacts of crisis in Burma, ^hailand (April-
May 2010) over Asean solidarity
Asean Regional Forum (ARF)
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ARF criteria (1994)
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Reinventing ARF
A Less talk, more action
A Give the chair more power
A Move to the prevention diplomacy
A Allow defence officials to participate
A Allow non-Asean to host the ARF
A Discuss democracy and human rights
A Move towards conflict resolutions
A ^he Shangri-la process in Singapore
A Asean Defence Ministerial Meeting
Key Asean security issues
A ^ransnational issues: climate change, disastrous
management, pandemics, terrorism, environment,
human and arms smugglings, food and energy
security,haze, HIV/aids, anti-narcotics
A Nuclear proliferation (N Korea and Burma/^he Korean
Peninsula)
A ^he Burmese political situation
A South China Sea/Maritime security
A War on terrorƜContainer Security Initiative (CSI) and
Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)
A Mekong sub-regional development with major powers
involvement i.e. China, S, Japan
South China Sea syndrome
A ^erritorial disputes involved Malaysia, Brunei,the
Philippines, Vietnam with China/^aiwan
A 1992: ASEAN urged parties concerned to exercise
restraint to create atmosphere of trust
A ASEAN wants to resolve sovereignty/jurisdictional
issues through peaceful means
A ^he Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the
South China Sea (DOC), signed in Phnom Penh,
December 2002 is currently the mechanism
A China localized and kept the issue within the region
between China and Asean claimants
A VN current Asean chair is keen on multilaterizing SCS
A China wants to work on non-sovereignty issues first
South China Sea syndrome
A Asean wants Declaration on the Conduct of
Parties in the South China Sea to be a legal-
binding document but China declines
A Eight years no progress on SCS, China deals
with Asean claimants only, not as a group
which Asean opposes
A China looks for new paradigm for their
relations with Asean
A Set up Asean Development Fund to quell
down angry voices in Asean in 2008 for
infrastructure improvement
Korean Peninsula crisis
A ^hreats to Asean security also
A Medium range missiles, taepodong, capable
of hitting Asean major cities
A Six-party talks (SP^) progress at the expense
of ARF
A All SP^ members are in ARF framework but
fail to utilize the forum
A Institutionalizing SP^ in the futureM
A ARF need major reviews to serve a premier
region-wide security consultative forum
Korean crisis: asylum seekers
A ^hailand has become one of the largest
transit points for N Korean asylum seekers
A Average 4-5 person daily arriving at the ^hai
border in Chiangsaen
A More than 5,000 North Korean were
repatriated to S Korea in the past years
A N Korea moves closer to Asean, joined ARF in
2000 and acceded to ^AC 2008
A Remained in S terrorist list and is helping
Burma with nuclear technology
Burmese crisis: Next moves?
A Asean admitted in 1997 to stop Chinaƞs southward
influence
A Burmaƞs intransigence divides Asean and tarnishes its
reputation but it endures
A Asean continues to protect for Burma at its own peril
A Post Cyclone NargisƜRangoon junta stronger, more
money (benefiting from exchange rates) and
humanitarian aid, some emergence of civil groups
A Burma continues with its road-map and planned
election on 7 November
A Win-win for Burma after the planned election
A Asean would be first to endorse the outcome of
Novemberƞs polls
End of first session

15-minute break
Email address:
kavihome@gmail.com
Asean Security Community
A Indonesiaƞs brainchild
A Jakarta moved from away from lowest to
largest common denominators
A ^o moral high-ground, 7 years inertia
A ^hailand supported the idea, treats Indonesia
as a natural ally
A Fit in broad strategic environment
A Different views and pace
A Vientiane action plan
Indonesiaƞs plan
A ^o create a security community in
Asean 2020 to compliment the Asean
economic and social communities. All
three could reinforce each other and
make peaceful and stable Asean.
A Drafting Asean Charter
A What is Indonesia is up to the Asean
chair 2011?
Asean charter
A Law-binding principles
A Promote Asean identity in global politics
A In line with N charter
A Eminent Persons Group was set up in
Dec-2005 in KL during EAS, with 10
members, each from Asean member
A Ali Alatas, Fidel Ramos, Musa Hitam,
Jayakumar, Kasemsamosorn
Asean charter and global changes
Asean way of doing.. With Change
A Informal and flexible A Formal (Asean Charter)

A Deadline not always A Clear targets (2015;

clear roadmaps with
A Implementation milestones)
subjective/non A Rules-based based and
confrontational accountability (report
A Low priority card to Asean leaders)
A Inadequate resources A Compliance-oriented
Asean Charter & institutional changes
A Provide legal framework for Asean
A Codifies all Asean norms, rules, and values
A High Level Legal Experts Groups: study dispute
settlement mechanisms in Asean
A SG Asean bigger mandate and role: monitoring
progress and compliance, interpret Asean Charter
if/when necessary, interacting and speaking on
behalf of Asean
A Establishing Asean human right body
A 2 summits a year, a committee to permanent
represetnatives
Asean security community
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Gist of ASC
A Political development
A Shaping and sharing of norms
A Conflict prevention
A Conflict resolution
A Post-conflict peace-building
Political development in ASC
A Promote understanding of political systems of
members through people to people contacts
and track 2 (non-official) activities
A Promote human rights and obligations
A Lay the groundwork to establish an
institutional framework for free flow of
information among Asean
A Strengthening rule of law, judiciary systems
and legal infrastructure and good governance
in public and private sectors
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A High Level Panel established July 2008 to draft ^OR
for AHRB
A First draft July 2009
A AHRB then was transformed in Oct 2009 as Asean
Intergovernmental Commission for Human Rights
(AICHR)
A ^OR of AHRBƜnot less than international norms and
standard
A Promote HR first, protect HR later (easy said than
done)
A Declaration of Asean Human Rights (to be completed
in 2011 for the summitƞs approval in Jakarta)
A Human Rights Resource Centre for Asean to be
launched in later in 2010 in Jakarta
Shaping and sharing norms
A Building a just, democratic and
harmonious environment with Asean
charter
A Asean mutual legal assistance
agreement
A Asean Convention on Counter ^errorism
A Asean Extradition ^reaty
 Conflict prevention/resolution
A Working toward greater transparency
A Asean defense ministerial meeting
A Promoting maritime security cooperation
A Strengthening cooperation to address
threats and challenges posed by
separatism
Innovative ways to solve conflicts
Post conflict peace building
A Secure peace and prevent a resurgence
of conflicts through humanitarian
assistance,
A human resource development,
education, reconstruction in affected
areas
A Promote culture of peace
Asean ongoing fear
A Iraq war: failure of regional org to develop
adequate political mechanisms on interstate
relations--tempt outside intervention
A Asean needs a rule-based order to handle
problems effectively to preempt outside
interference
A Conflicts among members (^hai-Cambodia)
A Asean needs the security community to
prevent war
New regional architecture
A Various existing Asean frameworks: Asean
Regional Forum, Asean Plus ^hree, Asia
Europe Meeting, East Asia Summit, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation
A Asean worries about its own rule: Asean
centrality (must earn it?)
A Proposals by Australia (July 2008) and Japan
(August 2009) were aborted
Asean plus three
A -1990: PM Mahathirƞs East Asian Economic Group
A -1995: PM Goh met leaders of China, Japan, S Korea
in BKK
A -Asian economic crisis 1997
A -Asians can help Asians better
A -Growing regional integration outside Asean
A -Acted as a fulcrum for China, Japan, S. Korea to
meet and cooperate
A (first time in 1999, Manila Summit)--now on their
own
A -1998 Hanoi: agreed to AP^ summit annually
A -48 committees including energy and food security
AP^: future to come
A -Maintaining the same format
A -strengthening/broadening cooperation
including security matters
A -a pillar for the East Asian community
A -holding AP^ summit outside Asean
EAS: Future to come
A -Remaining a leaders-led forum
A -EAS will remain open and inclusive
A -engaging major powers including S, Russia
A -adopting Ơselective moratoriumơ
A -a new playground for great powers
A -Reviewing of ^reaty of Amity and
Cooperation (1976)
A -holding EAS outside Asean
East Asia SummitV(EAS)
A -In Singapore 2000, Malaysia proposed to change the
name of AP^ to EAS
A -In Brunei 2001, East Asia Vision Group suggested:
AP^ to evolve to an East Asian Summit
A -In 2002 Phnom Penh Summit, Singapore suggested
the first EAS should be held in 10 years and the
second one in 5-10 years.
A -In Vientiane 2004, Asean leaders decided AP^ and
EAS were two separate paths
A Indonesia backed Australia, NZ; Singapore opted for
India as EAS members
A -Laos was first to propose to host the first EAS
A -First EAS in KL, used ƠEast Asian Summitơ but then
changed to ƠEast Asia Summitơ
New ideas at Hanoi summit
A Asean plus eight: Asean plus India, NZ,
Australia, Japan, China, Korea with the S
and Russia (Singaporeƞs proposal)
A Expanded EAS: East Asia Summit with two
dialogue partners: the S and Russia
(Indonesiaƞs proposal)
A S and Russia could attend Octoberƞs Asean
summit as observers with their FMs
Asean and lessons learned
A Asean has to speak with one voice on global
issues (working on it)
A Asean has to be more broad-based
A Asean has to engage with major powers with
international norms and standard
A Asean has to be open, transparent,
democratic (Indonesiaƞs model)
A Asean must incorporate civil society at all
levels