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‡ 1600 in the wild (2004)
‡ Status : endangered
‡ Weight : 100 kg ² 150 kg
‡ Height : 150 cm
‡ Pandas have the digestive system of a carnivore, but they
have adapted to a vegetarian diet of bamboos.
‡ A panda may eat 12-38kg of bamboo a day
‡ The panda cub is 1/900th the size of its mother, one of the
smallest newborn mammals relative to its mother's size.
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‡ When logging in the panda's habitat was banned
in 1998, new threats emerged, such as:
Mining and hydropower development
‡ These activities, along with farming and road
construction, have replaced commercial logging to
remedy the revenue loss from the ban and became
the major threats to forests and wildlife in the
area.
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 







‡ Although there are a number of established
reserves in the panda·s habitat range, in the
past there had been little in the way of
effective management and enforcement.
‡ As such, the ecological integrity of these
areas has continued to decline as a result of
illegal logging and poaching.
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 
 

 
‡ In the Minshan Mountains, there are over 5,000 plant
species and 75% are used in Chinese traditional
medicine.
‡ The mountains are also home to over 300,000 people,
many of whom live in poverty, and they rely on the
harvesting of traditional medicines as an important
source of income.
‡ However, harvesting has disturbed the panda habitat and
has led to the extinction of local plant species.
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‡ Some poaching of pandas still occurs, and even
low levels of poaching can have grave
consequences for such an endangered species.
‡ Poaching incurs a 10 year jail sentence and
although it is rare for poachers to intentionally kill
a panda, some are injured or killed in traps and
snares set for other animals, such as musk deer
and black bears.
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 Úefore we continue with Ex-situ
conservation definition..let·s watch video
of Panda ¶s eating bamboo in Úeijing zoo,
China«

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What is Ex situ conservation?
‡ Ex situ conservation is the conservation and
maintenance of samples of living organisms
outside their natural habitat, in the form of
whole plants, seed, pollen, vegetative
propagules, tissue or cell cultures.

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‡ Rescue threatened germplasm.

‡ Produce material for conservation biology research.
‡ Úulk up germplasm for storage in various forms of
ex situ facility.
‡ Supply material for various purposes to remove or
reduce pressure from wild collecting.

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 ‡ Grow those species with recalcitrant seeds
that cannot be maintained in a seed store.
‡ Make available material for conservation
education and display.
‡ Produce material for reintroduction,
reinforcement, habitat restoration and
management.
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‡ Ex situ collections of living organisms (living
collections, seed banks, pollen, vegetative
propagules, tissue or cell cultures) need to be
managed according to strict scientific and
horticultural standards to maximise their
value for conservation purposes.

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 ‡ Thus they need to be correctly identified,
documented and managed and an efficient
information management system put in place.
Integrated conservation management can also
ensure that ex situ collections can support in
situ conservation, through habitat restoration
nad species recovery.
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‡ Zoos and botanical gardens are the most conventional methods of ex-situ
conservation.
‡ These facilities provide not only housing and care for specimens of
endangered species, but also have an educational value.
‡ They inform the public of the threatened status of endangered species and
of those factors which cause the threat, with the hope of creating public
interest in stopping and reversing those factors which jeopardize a species'
survival in the first place.
‡ They are the most publicly visited ex-situ conservation sites, with the WZCS
(World Zoo Conservation Strategy) estimating that the 1100 organized zoos
in the world receive more than 600 million visitors annually

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 ‡ Endangered plants may also be preserved in part through
seedbanks or germplasm banks.
‡ The term seedbank sometimes refers to a cryogenic laboratory
facility in which the seeds of certain species can be preserved
for up to a century or more without losing their fertility.
‡ It can also be used to refer to a special type of arboretum where
seeds are harvested and the crop is rotated.
‡ For plants that cannot be preserved in seedbanks, the only other
option for preserving germplasm is in-vitro storage, where
cuttings of plants are kept under strict conditions in glass tubes
and vessels.
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 ‡ Endangered animal species are preserved using similar
techniques. The genetic information needed in the future
to reproduce endangered animal species can be preserved
in genebanks, which consist of cryogenic facilities used
to store living sperm, eggs, or embryos.
‡ The Zoological Society of San Diego has established a
"Frozen zoo" to store such samples using modern
cryopreservation techniques from more than 355 species,
including mammals, reptiles, and birds.
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 ‡ Showy Indian clover, Trifolium amoenum, is an example of a
species that was thought to be extinct, but was rediscovered in
1993 by Peter Connors in the form of a single plant at a site in
western Sonoma County.
‡ Connors harvested seeds and grew specimens of this critically
endangered species in a controlled environment.
‡ The Wollemi Pine is another example of a plant that is being
preserved via ex-situ conservation, as they are being grown in
nurseries to be sold to the general public.

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‡ It is rarely enough to save a species from extinction. It is to be used as a
last resort, or as a supplement to in-situ conservation because it cannot
recreate the habitat as a whole: the entire genetic variation of a species, its
symbiotic counterparts, or those elements which, over time, might help a
species adapt to its changing surroundings.

‡ Ex-situ conservation removes the species from its natural ecological contexts,
preserving it under semi-isolated conditions whereby natural evolution and
adaptation processes are either temporarily halted or altered by introducing
the specimen to an unnatural habitat.

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 ‡ In the case of cryogenic storage methods, the preserved
specimen's adaptation processes are frozen altogether.
‡ The downside to this is that, when re-released, the
species may lack the genetic adaptations and mutations
which would allow it to thrive in its ever-changing
natural habitat.

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 ‡ It is often costly, with cryogenic storage being
economically infeasible in most cases since species stored
in this manner cannot provide a profit but instead slowly
drain the financial resources of the government or
organization determined to operate them.
‡ Seedbanks are ineffective for certain plant genera with
recalcitrant seeds that do not remain fertile for long
periods of time.

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 ‡ Diseases and pests foreign to the species, to which the
species has no natural defense, may also cripple crops of
protected plants in ex-situ plantations and in animals
living in ex-situ breeding grounds.
‡ These factors, combined with the specific environmental
needs of many species, some of which are nearly
impossible to recreate by man, make ex-situ conservation
impossible for a great number of the world's endangered
flora and fauna.
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‡ A female panda
‡ lives at Zoo Vienna since March 14, 2003
‡ Mated with a male panda, Long Hui and have
male cub named Fu Long

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‡ On Februari 8, 1937 Su Lin, the first giant panda
outside of China, arrived at the Úrookfield Zoo,
Chicago, U.S.A.

‡ Today, there are [ &

  who live in
zoos outside of China. These animals live in 01


 in 2

.

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 Let·s meet all the panda
in zoos around the
world«
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‡ born in September 1978 in the wild, China
‡ lives at Zoo Úerlin since November 5, 1980

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 a 
‡ born on June 25, 1985 in Mexico City, Mexico
‡ lives at Chapultepec Zoo since June 25, 1985

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‡ born on June 15, 1987 in Mexico City, Mexico
‡ lives at Guadalajara Zoo since July 8, 2010

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 a a
‡ born on July 1, 1990 in Mexico City, Mexico
‡ lives at Chapultepec Zoo since July 1, 1990

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‡ born on September 14, 1992 in Úeijing, China
‡ lives at Adventure World since September 6,
1994
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  (
‡ born on September 7, 1991 in Wolong, China
‡ lives at San Diego Zoo since September 10,
1996
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 ( 
( 
‡ born on September 9, 1997 in Chengdu, China
‡ lives at Zoo Atlanta since November 5, 1999

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 & &
‡ born on August 25, 1997 in Chengdu, China
‡ lives at Zoo Atlanta since November 5, 1999

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‡ born on September 6, 2000 in Shirahama,
Japan
‡ lives at Adventure World since September 6,
2000
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‡ born on August 27, 1997 in Wolong, China
‡ lives at National Zoo since December 6, 2000

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a 
‡ born on July 22, 1998 in Wolong, China
‡ lives at National Zoo since December 6, 2000
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‡ born on September 14, 1995 in Wolong, China
‡ lives at Kobe Oji Zoo since December 9, 2002

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 „ „
‡ approximately born in 1992 in the wild, China
‡ lives at San Diego Zoo since January 15, 2003

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 & 

‡ born on September 26, 2000 in Wolong, China
‡ lives at Zoo Vienna since March 14, 2003
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 &
&
‡ born on July 18, 1998 in ChongQing,
China
‡ lives at Memphis Zoo since April 7, 2003
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‡ born on August 3, 2000 in Beijing, China
‡ lives at Memphis Zoo since April 7, 2003

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‡ born on August 6, 2000 in Wolong, China
‡ lives at Chiang Mai Zoo since October 12,
2003
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 &

‡ born on September 28, 2001 in Wolong,
China
‡ lives at Chiang Mai Zoo since October 12,
2003
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‡ born on August 2, 2005 in San Diego, U.S.A.
‡ lives at San Diego Zoo since August 2, 2005

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‡ born on December 23, 2006 in Shirahama,
Japan
‡ live at Adventure World since December 23,
2006
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 A
A
‡ born on August 3, 2007 in San Diego, U.S.A.
‡ lives at San Diego Zoo since August 3, 2007

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a 
‡ born on September 1, 2000 in Chengdu,
China
‡ lives at Zoo Madrid since September 7, 2007
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  A~
‡ born on September 16, 2003 in Chengdu,
China
‡ lives at Zoo Madrid since September 7, 2007
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 a
&
‡ born on August 30, 2008 in Atlanta, U.S.A.
‡ lives at Zoo Atlanta since August 30, 2008
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‡ born on September 13, 2008 in Shirahama,
Japan
‡ live at Adventure World since September 13,
2008
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‡ born on May 27, 2009 in Chiang Mai,
Thailand
‡ lives at Chiang Mai Zoo since May 27, 2009
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 ( A
‡ born on August 5, 2009 in San Diego, U.S.A.
‡ lives at San Diego Zoo since August 5, 2009

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‡ born on August 31, 2005 in Wolong, China
‡ lives at Adelaide Zoo since November 28,
2009
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 ' 
‡ born on August 23, 2006 in Wolong, China
‡ lives at Adelaide Zoo since November 28,
2009
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‡ Protect the forest or habitat of the pandas
‡ Protect bamboo, the pandas' major food source
‡ Provide corridors for panda migrations between
habitat areas
‡ Patrol the reserves to prevent poaching and
logging
‡ Patrol the reserves to search for sick or injured
pandas
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 ‡ Take sick or injured pandas to nearest panda hospital for
care
‡ Conduct research on panda behavior, mating, breeding,
diseases, etc.
‡ Educate tourist and visitors about panda protection
‡ Support communities adjacent to the reserves to minimize
the need to use the panda habitat for their livelihood
‡ Educate local residents about the value of conserving the
pandas and how tourism to the region is beneficial
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 Úefore we continue to strategies for
panda·s conservation..let·s watch some
panda·s fighting video..

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 /


‡ Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the
Western Han Dynasty in China, where the writer
Sima Xiangru notes that the panda was the most
treasured animal in the emperor's garden of exotic
animals in Xi'an
‡ Not until the 1950s were pandas again recorded to
have been exhibited in China's zoos

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 


‡ In China, many zoos and breeding centers in China house giant

pandas. These include:
‡ Úeijing Zoo ² home of the internationally notorious Gu Gu.
‡ Úifengxia Panda Úase Ya'an, Sichuan² home to U.S. born giant
pandas Mei Sheng (M), Hua Mei (F), and Tai Shan (M).
‡ China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda at
the Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan ² Seventeen cubs
were born here in 2006.
‡ Ocean Park, Hong Kong ² home to Jia Jia (F), An An (M), Le Le
(M), and Ying Ying (F).
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 ‡ Other places in Asia Taipei Zoo, Taipei, Taiwan ² home
to Tuan Tuan (M) and Yuan Yuan (F).
‡ Chiang Mai Zoo, Chiang Mai, Thailand ² home to Chuang
Chuang (M), Lin Hui (F), and Lin Úing, a female cub born
May 27, 2009
‡ Oji Zoo, Kobe, Hyùgo ² home of Kou Kou (M), Tan Tan
(F)
‡ River Safari, a new park under Wildlife Reserves
Singapore, Singapore - to receive two pandas in 2012
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  #

‡ Adelaide Zoo, Adelaide ² home to Wang Wang
(M) and Funi (F).
‡ They arrived on November 28, 2009 and went
on display on December 14.
‡ They are expected to stay for a minimum of
10 years, and are the only Giant Pandas
living in the Southern Hemisphere.
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 ]

‡ Zoo Aquarium, Madrid, Spain ² home of Úing Xing
(M) and Hua Zuiba (F). Arrived in Madrid on
September 8, 2007.
‡ In 1978 China presented the King of Spain with
two pandas, Shao Shao and Quian Quiang.
‡ Their cub, Chu-lin, born in 1982 died in 1996. Chu-
lin was the first panda born in captivity using
artificial insemination in Europe.
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 ‡ The Edinburgh Zoo is currently in negotiations
with the Wolong Nature Preserve to obtain two
Giant Pandas.
‡ Zoologischer Garten Úerlin, Úerlin, Germany ² home
of Úao Úao, age 27, the oldest male panda living
in captivity; he has been in Úerlin for 25 years
and has never reproduced.

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‡ As of 2007, five major North American zoos have Giant Pandas:

‡ San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California ² home of Úai Yun (F), Gao
Gao (M), Su Lin (F), Zhen Zhen (F), and Yun Zi (M).
‡ US National Zoo, Washington, D.C. ² home of Mei Xiang (F) and
Tian Tian (M).
‡ Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia ² home of Lun Lun (F), Yang Yang
(M) and Xi Lan (M)
‡ Memphis Zoo, Memphis, Tennessee ² home of Ya Ya (F) and Le
Le (M)

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-Researchers have been able to develop an accurate
picture of the panda's survival status and
formulate effective measures to reverse the
panda's decline.

-Ongoing research and monitoring of pandas will be

vital to the conservation success.
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  ¦  


 
¦ !

‡ Researchers in the Wanglang Nature Reserve have
attached cameras to 30 trees throughout the reserve.
‡ The cameras are triggered by movement and snap
pictures of occasional pandas and some of the other
amazing wildlife that share the panda's habitat.
‡ The cameras, along with new GPS technology, are
helping to create a more accurate picture of the number
of pandas in the wild.

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‡ To connect pandas that live in isolated pockets of
wilderness, WWF have identified zones that can be
turned into corridors of bamboo so pandas can find
more food and more importantly meet new
breeding mates.
‡ The Chinese government, in partnership with WWF,
created 10 corridors in Qinling and Minshan.

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 Panda·s Movement

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‡ There are currently over 200 Giant Pandas in
captivity - the majority of these are in China, with
small populations in zoos around the world.
‡ Úreeding Giant Pandas in captivity increases
population numbers and also ensures genetic
diversity.
‡ It also helps safeguard the species from
unpredictable events such as fire, disease or
natural disaster that can affect the primary
captive populations in China.
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  &**
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Dia (Allah) menciptakan langit dengan tidak bertiang
sebagaimana yang kamu melihatnya
melihatnya;; dan Dia
mengadakan di bumi gunung
gunung--ganang yang menetapnya
supaya bumi itu tidak menghayun
menghayun--hayunkan kamu kamu;; dan
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Kami menurunkan hujan dari langit
langit,, lalu Kami
tumbuhkan di bumi berbagai jenis tanaman yang
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~ ~ *   Luqman 31 31::10]
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 ‡ References
http://www.giantpandazoo.com/home.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Panda

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